Sick leave and disability across three decades after a major disaster

The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

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Thrombocytosis in splenic trauma: in-hospital course and association with venous thromboembolism

Injury

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Education, exposure and experience of prehospital teams as quality indicators in regional trauma systems

European Journal of Emergency Medicine

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Clinical significance of anterior humeral line in supracondylar humeral fractures in children

Injury

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Safe and easy access technique for the first trocar in laparoscopic surgery

Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery

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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Analyst, 2016, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C6AN90064J, Editorial

Welcome to this Analyst themed issue on surface-enhanced Raman scattering, guest edited by Duncan Graham, Richard van Duyne and Bin Ren.
To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.
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Prevalence and risk factors of HCV infection in a metropolitan area in Southern Italy: Tail of a cohort infected in past decades

Abstract

Background and Aims

Data on the prevalence of HCV infection in Italy are often outdated and from non-urban populations.This study assessed the prevalence and risk factors for HCV infection in a large metropolitan area in southern Italy.

Methods

A random 1:3 systematic sample of the adult general population of Naples was selected from 3 general practitioner patient registers in three different city districts.Socioeconomic indicators and risk factors for HCV infection were collected.Anti-HCV and HCV-RNA assays were performed.Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of HCV infection.

Results

Of 1500 randomly selected subjects, 1315 (87.7%) participated in the study. Forty subjects (3.0%; 95%CI:2.1–4.0) were anti-HCV-positive, with HCV-RNA detected by PCR in 31 (77.5%) of these. Anti-HCV prevalence increased with age,peaking (8.2%) in people born during the years 1945-1955. It was 1.7% in people residing in the better socioeconomic districts;but 5.7% in those residing in the district with lower socioeconomic status (p < 0.01).In multivariate analysis,age ≥60 years (OR 2.8, 95%CI:1.3–6.1) and lower educational level (OR 3.6; 95%CI:1.4–9.3),which is a proxy of low socioeconomic status,were the only independent predictors of the likelihood of anti-HCV positivity.Overall,22.5% of anti-HCV positive subjects were previously unaware of their status.

Conclusions

In the large city of Naples, infection with HCV is most common in people aged older than 60years.Differences in socioeconomic conditions have played an important role in the spread of this infection.HCV positive subjects born during the years 1945-1955 are those who may benefit,to a greater extent,to be identified in order to receive the new effective therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Rotavirus vaccination and infection induce VP6-specific IgA responses

Abstract

Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis (GE) in young children, but RVGE has drastically been reduced with the introduction of live oral RV vaccines into childhood immunization program in many countries. Serum IgA antibody is a marker of clinical protection against severe RVGE after RV infection and vaccination. This study investigated VP6-specificity of anti-RV IgA antibody levels in Finnish children aged 6–23 months before and after introduction of RotaTeq® into national immunization program. Although RV inner capsid protein VP6 is considered as antigenic target in clinical and seroepidemiological studies, at present VP6 protein is not commonly employed as a primary ELISA-antigen. Thus, sera from 20 unvaccinated and 19 vaccinated children were examined in ELISA with recombinant VP6 (rVP6) protein, and the VP6-specific responses were compared to responses observed with human RV Wa and bovine RV WC3 cell culture antigens. Moreover, fecal antibodies were tested with rVP6 and Wa cell culture antigen. Equal levels of serum anti-RV IgA antibodies were detected by the three antigens. Fecal IgA titers against rVP6 and Wa antigen showed a correlation with the corresponding serum levels. The results suggest that the IgA response measured by virus-capture ELISA is mainly directed to VP6 protein, supporting the usage of rVP6 in detection of anti-RV IgA antibodies. Natural RV infections and vaccinations induced similar levels of serum VP6-specific IgA antibodies. Serum IgA antibodies after RotaTeq® vaccination showed sustained levels up to two years of age in line with long term protection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Rapid protein immobilization for thin film continuous flow biocatalysis

Chem. Commun., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC04210D, Communication

Joshua Britton, Colin L Raston, Gregory A Weiss
A versatile enzyme immobilization strategy for thin film continuous flow processing is reported. Here, non-covalent and glutaraldehyde bioconjugation are used to immobilize enzymes on the surfaces of borosilicate reactors. This...
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Host-guest binding motifs based on hyperbranched polymers

Chem. Commun., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC03643K, Feature Article

Quanbing Mou, Yuan Ma, Xin Jin, Deyue Yan, Xinyuan Zhu
Host-guest chemistry involves the binding of a substrate molecule (guest) in a receptor molecule (host). Various molecules including crown ethers, cryptands, cyclophanes, calixarenes, cyclodextrins, and so on, have been used...
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry

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What is the effect of soft tissue thickness on crestal bone loss around dental implants? A systematic review

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether soft tissue biotype at implant placement has an influence on crestal bone loss (CBL) at 1 year after implant loading.

Material and methods

Following electronic search in three databases (MEDLINE via OVID, EMBASE and The Cochrane Database) and hand search up to April 2015, two reviewers screened independently and in duplicate the references to identify randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials (CCTs) and prospective case series eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used for assessing risk of bias.

Results

From 2944 citations, six studies (6 CCTs) met the inclusion criteria. Four of six individual studies that compared thin vs. thick biotype showed significantly higher CBL in thin biotype. Meta-analysis could only be performed with two studies and the differences did not reach significant level. None of the included studies was of low risk of bias.

Conclusions

At present, there is insufficient evidence to answer the question on the differences in clinical outcome in terms of CBL between implants placed in sites with initial soft tissue thickness <2 mm and those with ≥2 mm. Further, well-designed controlled clinical studies are needed to analyze the effect of soft tissue thickness on the clinical outcomes of dental implants.

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Teacher Quality and Learning Outcomes in Kindergarten

Araujo, MC; Carneiro, P; Cruz-Aguayo, Y; Schady, N; (2016) Teacher Quality and Learning Outcomes in Kindergarten. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 10.1093/qje/qjw016 . (In press).

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Digitising the British Library’s Collection of Hebrew Manuscripts: Challenges and Insights

Keinan-Schoonbaert, A; Lewis, M; (2016) Digitising the British Library's Collection of Hebrew Manuscripts: Challenges and Insights. Journal of Digital Media Management , 4 (2) pp. 123-136.

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Discrete element modelling of methane hydrate soil sediments using elongated soil particles

Yu, Y; Cheng, YP; Xu, X; Soga, K; (2016) Discrete element modelling of methane hydrate soil sediments using elongated soil particles. Computers and Geotechnics 10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.03.004 . (In press).

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Neuroprotective effects of heat shock proteins in experimental ischaemia: an MRI study.

Aron, B.R.; (2006) Neuroprotective effects of heat shock proteins in experimental ischaemia: an MRI study. Doctoral thesis, University of London. Green open access

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Mechanical Properties of Plasterboards: Experimental Tests and Statistical Analysis

Petrone, C; Magliulo, G; Manfredi, G; (2016) Mechanical Properties of Plasterboards: Experimental Tests and Statistical Analysis. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001630 . (In press). Green open access

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Monitoring and predicting actions and their consequences in the human brain.

Bristow, D.J.; (2007) Monitoring and predicting actions and their consequences in the human brain. Doctoral thesis, University of London. Green open access

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Extracting human antibody sequences from public databases for antibody humanization: high frequency of species assignment errors

Martin, ACR; Rees, AR; (2016) Extracting human antibody sequences from public databases for antibody humanization: high frequency of species assignment errors. Protein Engineering Design and Selection 10.1093/protein/gzw018 . (In press).

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Exogenous Administration of Recombinant MIF at Physiological Concentrations Failed to Attenuate Infarct Size in a Langendorff Perfused Isolated Mouse Heart Model

Rossello, X; Burke, N; Stoppe, C; Bernhagen, J; Davidson, SM; Yellon, DM; (2016) Exogenous Administration of Recombinant MIF at Physiological Concentrations Failed to Attenuate Infarct Size in a Langendorff Perfused Isolated Mouse Heart Model. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy pp. 1-9. 10.1007/s10557-016-6673-2 . Green open access

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Out-of-plane seismic performance of plasterboard partitions via quasi-static tests

Petrone, C; Magliulo, G; Lopez, P; Manfredi, G; (2016) Out-of-plane seismic performance of plasterboard partitions via quasi-static tests. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering , 49 (1) pp. 125-137. (In press).

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Co-dependence of the neural and humoral pathways in the mechanism of remote ischemic conditioning

Pickard, JM; Davidson, SM; Hausenloy, DJ; Yellon, DM; (2016) Co-dependence of the neural and humoral pathways in the mechanism of remote ischemic conditioning. Basic Research in Cardiology , 111 (50) 10.1007/s00395-016-0568-z . Green open access

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Caffeoylquinic Acid Derivatives Extract of Erigeron multiradiatus Alleviated Acute Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats through Inhibiting NF-KappaB and JNK Activations

Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl.) Benth. has been used in Tibet folk medicine to treat various inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate antimyocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury effect of caffeoylquinic acids derivatives of E. multiradiatus (AE) in vivo and to explain underling mechanism. AE was prepared using the whole plant of E. multiradiatus and contents of 6 caffeoylquinic acids determined through HPLC analysis. Myocardial I/R was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 30 minutes followed by 24 hours of reperfusion in rats. AE administration (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) inhibited I/R-induced injury as indicated by decreasing myocardial infarct size, reducing of CK and LDH activities, and preventing ST-segment depression in dose-dependent manner. AE decreased cardiac tissue levels of proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 and attenuated leukocytes infiltration. AE was further demonstrated to significantly inhibit I-κB degradation, nuclear translocation of p-65 and phosphorylation of JNK. Our results suggested that cardioprotective effect of AE could be due to suppressing myocardial inflammatory response and blocking NF-κB and JNK activation pathway. Thus, caffeoylquinic acids might be the active compounds in E. multiradiatus on myocardial ischemia and be a potential natural drug for treating myocardial I/R injury.

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New holostean fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio (Canton Ticino, Switzerland)

The new neopterygian genus Ticinolepis, including two new species T. longaeva and T. crassidens is described from Middle Triassic carbonate platform deposits of the Monte San Giorgio. The anatomy of this fish shows a mosaic of halecomorph and ginglymodian characters and, thus, the new taxon probably represents a basal holostean. During the latest Anisian to earliest Ladinian the two new species coexisted in the intraplatform basin represented by the uppermost Besano Formation, but only T. longaeva sp. nov. inhabited the more restricted basin represented by the Ladinian Meride Limestone (except for the Kalkschieferzone). The more widely distributed type species shows interesting patterns of intraspecific variation including ontogenetic changes and morphological variation over time. The second species presents anatomical features that strongly indicate a strictly durophagous diet. The different distribution of the species is interpreted as a result of habitat partitioning and different adaptability to palaeoenvironmental changes.

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TGF-β1 factor in the cerebrovascular diseases of Alzheimer’s disease

Transforming growth factor betas (TGF-βs) belong to three isoforms (TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3) members of a large pleiotropic superfamily of around 100 distinct proteins participating in the regulation of key events of development and disease, and tissue repair. In the central nervous system (CNS), all the three isoforms are produced by both glial and neuronal cells and are involved in essential tissue functions such as cell-cycle control, regulation of early development and differentiation, neuronal survival and astrocytes differentiation. Recent findings have shown abnormally increase of the levels of TGF-β1 in the brain of patients suffering Alzheimer's disease (AD), an elderly pathology reaching individuals over 65-years-old which present well-known hallmarks, including cerebrovascular deficiency, abnormal deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ), cholinergic denervation, neuroinflammation, neurofibrillary tangles and progressive loss of memory. However, related to the pathological features of AD, the brain overexpression of TGF-β1 was associated with neuroinflammation, accumulation of extracellular matrix compounds and cerebrovascular stiffness, neuronal apoptosis along with the development of vascular hypertrophy. Consistent with these observations, transgenic mice model (TGF mice) overexpressing constitutively TGF-β1 fully mimicked AD-like cerebrovascular pathology. Taken altogether, these data suggest the involvement of TGF-β1in the pathogenesis of AD, particularly in the cerebrovascular pathology which is of interest in the present review that will discuss the contribution of TGF-β1 in the cerebrovascular physiopathology of AD.

L'articolo TGF-β1 factor in the cerebrovascular diseases of Alzheimer's disease sembra essere il primo su European Review.

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The Comparison of Dietary Behaviors among Rural Controlled and Uncontrolled Hypertensive Patients

Nutrition is a dominant peripheral factor in increasing blood pressure; however, little information is available about the nutritional status of hypertensive patients in Iran. This study aimed to compare nutritional behaviors of the rural controlled and uncontrolled hypertensive patients and to determine the predictive power of nutritional behaviors from blood pressure. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 671 rural hypertensive patients, using multistage random sampling method in Ardabil city in 2013. Data were collected by a 3-day food record questionnaire. Nutritional data were extracted by Nutritionist 4 software and analyzed by the SPSS 18 software using Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, ANOVA, and independent -test. A significant difference was observed in the means of fat intake, cholesterol, saturated fat, sodium, energy, calcium, vitamin C, fiber, and nutritional knowledge between controlled and uncontrolled groups. In the controlled group, sodium, saturated fats, vitamin C, calcium, and energy intake explained 30.6% of the variations in blood pressure and, in the uncontrolled group, sodium, carbohydrate, fiber intake, and nutritional knowledge explained 83% of the variations in blood pressure. There was a significant difference in the nutritional behavior between the two groups and changes in blood pressure could be explained significantly by nutritional behaviors.

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Ερευνητικά νέαΥπερκινησίες και οι μύες της κατάποσηςΗ κατάποση είναι μια από τις πλέον ουσιώδεις λειτουργίες...

Ερευνητικά νέαΥπερκινησίες και οι μύες της κατάποσηςΗ κατάποση είναι μια από τις πλέον ουσιώδεις λειτουργίες του οργανισμού και άκρως απαραίτητη από τις πρώτες μέρες ζωής Περισσότερα…Έχει όρια η ψυχική πίεση;Στην Βιονευρολογική, πολύ τακτικά βρίσκονται οι γιατροί μπροστά από το δίλλημα, εάν η ψυχική πίεση έχει ένα όριο και μέχρι ποιού σημείου μπορεί να φτάσει ο […]

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Extremely Robust and Post-Functionalizable Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Calix[4]arenes via Metal-Carbon Bonds

Chem. Commun., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC04534K, Communication

Ludovic Troian-Gautier, Alice Mattiuzzi, Hennie Valkenier, Ivan Jabin, Niko Van den Brande, Bruno Van Mele, Julie Hubert, Francois Reniers, Gilles Bruylants, Corinne Lagrost, Yann Leroux
Gold nanoparticles stabilized with a thin layer of post-functionalizable calix[4]arenes were prepared through the reductive grafting of a calix[4]arene-tetra-diazonium salt. These particles show exceptional stability towards extreme pH, F-, NaCl,...
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A method for exploring implicit concept relatedness in biomedical knowledge network

Background: Biomedical information and knowledge, structural and non-structural, stored in different repositories can be semantically connected to form a hybrid knowledge network. How to compute relatedness between concepts and discover valuable but implicit information or knowledge from it effectively and efficiently is of paramount importance for precision medicine, and a major challenge facing the biomedical research community. Results: In this study, a hybrid biomedical knowledge network is constructed by linking concepts across multiple biomedical ontologies as well as non-structural biomedical knowledge sources. To discover implicit relatedness between concepts in ontologies for which potentially valuable relationships (implicit knowledge) may exist, we developed a Multi-Ontology Relatedness Model (MORM) within the knowledge network, for which a relatedness network (RN) is defined and computed across multiple ontologies using a formal inference mechanism of set-theoretic operations. Semantic constraints are designed and implemented to prune the search space of the relatedness network. Conclusions: Experiments to test examples of several biomedical applications have been carried out, and the evaluation of the results showed an encouraging potential of the proposed approach to biomedical knowledge discovery.

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Does encoding matter? A novel view on the quantitative genetic trait prediction problem

Background: Given a set of biallelic molecular markers, such as SNPs, with genotype values encoded numerically on a collection of plant, animal or human samples, the goal of genetic trait prediction is to predict the quantitative trait values by simultaneously modeling all marker effects. Genetic trait prediction is usually represented as linear regression models which require quantitative encodings for the genotypes. There are lots of work on the prediction algorithms, but none of the existing work investigated the effects of the encodings on the genetic trait prediction problem. Methods: In this work, we view the genetic trait prediction problem from a novel angle: a multiple regression on categorical data problem, which requires encoding the categorical data into numerical data. We further proposed two novel encoding methods and we show that they are able to generate numerical features with higher predictive power.Results and DiscussionOur experiments show that our methods are superior to the other encoding methods for both single marker model and epistasis model. We showed that the quantitative genetic trait prediction problem heavily depends on the encoding of genotypes, for both single marker model and epistasis model. Conclusions: We conducted a detailed analysis on the performance of the hybrid encodings. To our knowledge, this is the first work that discusses the effects of encodings for genetic trait prediction problem.

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RefSelect: a reference sequence selection algorithm for planted (l, d) motif search

Background: The planted (l, d) motif search (PMS) is an important yet challenging problem in computational biology. Pattern-driven PMS algorithms usually use k out of t input sequences as reference sequences to generate candidate motifs, and they can find all the (l, d) motifs in the input sequences. However, most of them simply take the first k sequences in the input as reference sequences without elaborate selection processes, and thus they may exhibit sharp fluctuations in running time, especially for large alphabets. Results: In this paper, we build the reference sequence selection problem and propose a method named RefSelect to quickly solve it by evaluating the number of candidate motifs for the reference sequences. RefSelect can bring a practical time improvement of the state-of-the-art pattern-driven PMS algorithms. Experimental results show that RefSelect (1) makes the tested algorithms solve the PMS problem steadily in an efficient way, (2) particularly, makes them achieve a speedup of up to about 100× on the protein data, and (3) is also suitable for large data sets which contain hundreds or more sequences. Conclusions: The proposed algorithm RefSelect can be used to solve the problem that many pattern-driven PMS algorithms present execution time instability. RefSelect requires a small amount of storage space and is capable of selecting reference sequences efficiently and effectively. Also, the parallel version of RefSelect is provided for handling large data sets.

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Integrating unified medical language system and association mining techniques into relevance feedback for biomedical literature search

Background: Finding highly relevant articles from biomedical databases is challenging not only because it is often difficult to accurately express a user's underlying intention through keywords but also because a keyword-based query normally returns a long list of hits with many citations being unwanted by the user. This paper proposes a novel biomedical literature search system, called BiomedSearch, which supports complex queries and relevance feedback. Methods: The system employed association mining techniques to build a k-profile representing a user's relevance feedback. More specifically, we developed a weighted interest measure and an association mining algorithm to find the strength of association between a query and each concept in the article(s) selected by the user as feedback. The top concepts were utilized to form a k-profile used for the next-round search. BiomedSearch relies on Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) knowledge sources to map text files to standard biomedical concepts. It was designed to support queries with any levels of complexity. Results: A prototype of BiomedSearch software was made and it was preliminarily evaluated using the Genomics data from TREC (Text Retrieval Conference) 2006 Genomics Track. Initial experiment results indicated that BiomedSearch increased the mean average precision (MAP) for a set of queries. Conclusions: With UMLS and association mining techniques, BiomedSearch can effectively utilize users' relevance feedback to improve the performance of biomedical literature search.

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Parallel algorithms for large-scale biological sequence alignment on Xeon-Phi based clusters

Background: Computing alignments between two or more sequences are common operations frequently performed in computational molecular biology. The continuing growth of biological sequence databases establishes the need for their efficient parallel implementation on modern accelerators. Results: This paper presents new approaches to high performance biological sequence database scanning with the Smith-Waterman algorithm and the first stage of progressive multiple sequence alignment based on the ClustalW heuristic on a Xeon Phi-based compute cluster. Our approach uses a three-level parallelization scheme to take full advantage of the compute power available on this type of architecture; i.e. cluster-level data parallelism, thread-level coarse-grained parallelism, and vector-level fine-grained parallelism. Furthermore, we re-organize the sequence datasets and use Xeon Phi shuffle operations to improve I/O efficiency. Conclusions: Evaluations show that our method achieves a peak overall performance up to 220 GCUPS for scanning real protein sequence databanks on a single node consisting of two Intel E5-2620 CPUs and two Intel Xeon Phi 7110P cards. It also exhibits good scalability in terms of sequence length and size, and number of compute nodes for both database scanning and multiple sequence alignment. Furthermore, the achieved performance is highly competitive in comparison to optimized Xeon Phi and GPU implementations. Our implementation is available at http://ift.tt/2a8p57s.

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Body Mass Changes Across a Variety of Running Race Distances in the Tropics

Background: Current literature evaluating body mass (BM) changes across a variety of running race distances is limited. The primary objective of this study was to profile the range of BM changes across race distances. The secondary objective was to evaluate the prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in runners admitted to the on-site medical tent following participation of race events of different distances. Methods: A total of 1934 runners across seven footrace categories (10-, 21-, 25-, 42-, 50-, 84-, and 100-km) were included in the study. One thousand eight hundred eighty-seven runners had their BM measured before and after each race. Blood sodium concentrations were measured from the remaining 47 symptomatic runners admitted to the on-site medical tents and did not complete the race. Results: In terms of hydration status, 106 (6 %) were overhydrated, 1377 (73 %) were euhydrated, and 404 (21 %) were dehydrated. All race distances exhibited similar percentage of overhydrated runners (5 % in 10 km, 3 % in 21 km, 5 % in 25 km, 6 % in 42 km, 8 % in 50 km, 7 % in 84 km, and 6 % in 100 km). Forty-seven runners were admitted to the medical tents. Eight (17 %) were diagnosed with EAH (4 from 42 km, 2 from 84 km, 2 from 100 km), 38 (81 %) were normonatremic, and 1 (2 %) was hypernatremic. The % ΔBM across all races ranged from −8.0 to 4.1 % with a greater decrement noted in the 42-, 50-, 84-, and 100-km categories. Conclusions: Approximately 3–8 % runners had increased post-race BM, suggesting overhydration regardless of race distance. Symptomatic EAH was seen at race distances at or above 42 km, where BM changes demonstrated the widest range of values.

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Decitabine inhibits tumor cell proliferation and up-regulates E-cadherin expression in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer

ABSTRACT

The present study investigated the effect of a DNA demethylating agent, decitabine, against Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Decitabine inhibited cell growth and induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis in EBVaGC cell lines. The expression of E-cadherin was up-regulated and cell motility was significantly inhibited in the cells treated with decitabine. The promoter regions of p73 and RUNX3 were demethylated, and their expression was up-regulated by decitabine. They enhanced the transcription of p21, which induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis through down-regulation of c-Myc. Decitabine also induced the expression of BZLF1 in SNU719. Induction of EBV lytic infection was an alternative way to cause apoptosis of the host cells. This study is the first report to reveal the effectiveness of a demethylating agent in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and up-regulation of E-cadherin in EBVaGC. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Epstein-barr virus strains and variations: Geographic or disease-specific variants?

Summary

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with the development of several diseases, including infectious mononucleosis (IM), Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL), Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and other neoplasias. The publication of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) genome 1984 led to several studies regarding the identification of different viral strains. Currently, EBV is divided into EBV type 1 (B95-8 strain) and EBV type 2 (AG876 strain), also known as type A and type B, which have been distinguished based upon genetic differences in the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens (EBNAs) sequence. Several other EBV strains have been described in the past 10 years considering variations on EBV genome, and many have attempted to clarify if these variations are ethnic or geographically correlated, or if they are disease related. Indeed, there is an increasing interest to describe possible specific disease associations, with emphasis on different malignancies. These studies aim to clarify if these variations are ethnic or geographically correlated, or if they are disease related, thus being important to characterize the epidemiologic genetic distribution of EBV strains on our population. Here, we review the current knowledge on the different EBV strains and variants and its association with different diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Acute viral respiratory infections among children in MERS-endemic Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012–2013

Abstract

Introduction

The emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) emergence in Saudi Arabia has intensified focus on Acute Respiratory Infections [ARIs]. This study sought to identify respiratory viruses (RVs) associated with ARIs in children presenting at a tertiary hospital.

Methods

Children (aged ≤ 13) presenting with ARI between January 2012 and December 2013 tested for 15 RVs using the Seeplex^R RV15 kit were retrospectively included. Epidemiological data was retrieved from patient records.

Results

Of the 2235 children tested, 61.5% were ≤1 year with a male: female ratio of 3:2. Viruses were detected in 1364 (61.02%) children, 233(10.4%) having dual infections: these viruses include respiratory syncytial virus RSV) (24%), human rhinovirus (hRV) (19.7%), adenovirus (5.7%), influenza virus (5.3%) and parainfluenzavirus-3 (4.6%). Children aged 9-11 months were most infected (60.9%). Lower respiratory tract infections (55.4 %) were significantly more than upper respiratory tract infection (45.3 %) (P<0.001). Seasonal variation of RV was directly and inversely proportional to relative humidity and temperature, respectively, for non MERS coronaviruses (NL63, 229E and OC43).

Conclusion

The study confirms community-acquired RV associated with ARI in children and suggests modulating roles for abiotic factors in RV epidemiology. However, community-based studies are needed to elucidate how these factors locally influence RV epidemiology. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Reactions in ultra-small droplets by tip-assisted chemistry

Chem. Commun., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC03504C, Feature Article

Daniel Ruiz-Molina, Mireia Guardingo, Felix Busque
The confinement of chemical reactions within small droplets has received much attention in the last few years. This approach has been proved successful for the in-depth study of natural chemical...
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Men at risk for paradoxical adipose hyperplasia after cryolipolysis

Summary

Cryolipolysis, an aesthetic procedure that reduces adipose tissue by exposure to cold temperature, is generally well tolerated with mild side effects including temporary numbness, erythema, and tenderness. However, as cryolipolysis is gaining popularity and more treatments are being performed, reports of rare adverse events including delayed onset pain and paradoxical adipose hyperplasia (PAH) have been described. Recent studies have suggested that PAH can be more common than expected and have a predilection for males, as a disproportionate number of the cases reported in the literature have occurred in men despite the fact that fewer men are likely to be treated with cryolipolysis. Sexual dimorphism in adipose anatomy may provide insight into the increased susceptibility of men to PAH. Careful patient selection avoiding men with visceral abdominal adipose and firm, nondistensible, fibrous fat may be important to minimize the risk of PAH.

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Neural stem cells in lead toxicity

Lead (Pb) exposure in the early stages of neurodevelopment results in long-lasting alterations that ultimately cognitive function and behaviour. The prime targets of lead toxicity are the multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs). The present review article will discuss the basic molecular physiology involved in the toxicity mechanisms induced by lead and its resultant counter effects on nervous system and physiology. The article shall help researchers working in the area to design new drugs and therapeutics for the efficient management of neuro-toxic states especially upon prenatal exposure to lead.

L'articolo Neural stem cells in lead toxicity sembra essere il primo su European Review.

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Volumes of Cochlear Nucleus Regions in Rodents

Publication date: Available online 18 July 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Donald A. Godfrey, Augustine C. Lee, Walter D. Hamilton, Louis C. Benjamin, Shilpa Vishwanath, Hermann Simo, Lynn M. Godfrey, Abdurrahman I.A.A. Mustapha, Rickye S. Heffner
The cochlear nucleus receives all the coded information about sound from the cochlea and is the source of auditory information for the rest of the central auditory system. As such, it is a critical auditory nucleus. The sizes of the cochlear nucleus as a whole and its three major subdivisions – anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) - have been measured in a large number of mammals, but measurements of its subregions at a more detailed level for a variety of species have not previously been made. Size measurements are reported here for the summed granular regions, DCN layers, AVCN, PVCN, and interstitial nucleus in 15 different rodent species, as well as a lagomorph, carnivore, and small primate. This further refinement of measurements is important because the granular regions and superficial layers of the DCN appear to have some different functions than the other cochlear nucleus regions. Except for DCN layers in the mountain beaver, all regions were clearly identifiable in all the animals studied. Relative regional size differences among most of the rodents, and even the 3 non-rodents, were not large and did not show a consistent relation to their wide range of lifestyles and hearing parameters. However, the mountain beaver, and to a lesser extent the pocket gopher, two rodents that live in tunnel systems, had relative sizes of summed granular regions and DCN molecular layer distinctly larger than those of the other mammals. Among all the mammals studied, there was a high correlation between the size per body weight of summed granular regions and that of the DCN molecular layer, consistent with other evidence for a close relationship between granule cells and superficial DCN neurons.



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ACR Manual Version 2016 for Contrast Media: Summary

The ACR Manual on Contrast Media, v10.2 published in June 2016 is now available, providing these revised areas: Post-Contrast Acute Kidney Injury and  Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Adults MetforminContrast Media in ChildrenAdverse Reactions to Gadolinium-Based Contrast MediaAdministration of Contrast Media to Pregnant or Potentially Pregnant Patient

Full article can be accessed here: 

http://ift.tt/29QVEUR

Some of the key updates in this edition include: 

Gadolinium deposition in Brain

"Recently, residual gadolinium has been found within the brain tissue of patients who received multiple doses of GBCAs over their lifetimes. For reasons that remain unclear, gadolinium deposition appears to occur preferentially in certain specific areas of the brain, even in the absence of clinically evident disease and in the setting of an intact blood brain barrier. Such deposition is not expected, and led the FDA to publish a Safety Alert in July of 2015 indicating that they were actively investigating the risk and clinical significance of these gadolinium deposits. To date, no adverse health effects have been uncovered, but the radiology community has initiated a rigorous investigation."

Guidelines for Metformin and Iodinated contrast media have been updated. 

"The Committee recommends that patients taking metformin be classified into one of two categories based on the patient's renal function (as measured by eGFR)."

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Category I

In patients with no evidence of AKI and with eGFR ≥30 mL / min/1.73m2 , there is no need to discontinue metformin either prior to or following the intravenous administration of iodinated contrast media, nor is there an obligatory need to reassess the patient's renal function following the test or procedure.

Category II

In patients taking metformin who are known to have acute kidney injury or severe chronic kidney

disease (stage IV or stage V; i.e., eGFR< 30), or are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli (atheromatous or other) to the renal arteries, metformin should be temporarily discontinued at the time of or prior to the procedure, and withheld for 48 hours subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been re-evaluated and found to be normal.

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Recommendations for the use of GBCA-enhanced MRI examinations in pregnant patients

"Because it is unclear how GBCAs will affect the fetus, these agents should be administered with caution to pregnant or potentially pregnant patients. GBCAs should only be used if their usage is considered critical and the potential benefits justify the potential unknown risk to the fetus."

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Association of Living Arrangement Conditions and Socioeconomic Differentials with Anemia Status among Women in Rural Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia and remains a significant public health concern. Being a high anemia prevalent country, numerous efforts have been made to confront the issue especially among women and children by both local and international actors. Though the situation has substantially improved in recent years, a staggering number of adult women are currently living with anemia. The etiology of anemia is a multifactorial problem and has been proposed to be associated with various household, societal, economic, cultural factors apart from dietary habits. However, evidence regarding the household arrangements and socioeconomic determinants of anemia is scarce, especially in the context of Bangladesh. To this end, we utilized the 2011 demographic and health survey data to explore the association between anemia status and selected demographic, socioeconomic, and household characteristics. Our result showed significant correlation of anemia with both sociodemographic and household characteristics. Among the sociodemographic variables the following were found to be significantly associated with anemia status: age (; OR = 1.195; 95% CI = 1.036–1.378) and microcredit membership (; OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.037–1.386). Regarding the household arrangements, women utilizing biomass fuel for cooking (; OR = 1.82; 95% CI = 0.981–2.460) were more likely to be anemic.

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Esophageal Stent for Refractory Variceal Bleeding: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background. Preliminary studies suggest that covered self-expandable metal stents may be helpful in controlling esophageal variceal bleeding. Aims. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of esophageal stent in refractory variceal bleeding in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library covering the period from January 1970 to December 2015. Data were selected and abstracted from eligible studies and were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using test. Results. Five studies involving 80 patients were included in the analysis. The age of patients ranged from 18 to 91 years. The mean duration of follow-up was 46.8 d (range, 30–60 d). The success rate of stent deployment was 96.7% (95% CI: 91.6%–99.5%) and complete response to esophageal stenting was in 93.9% (95% CI: 82.2%–99.6%). The incidence of rebleeding was 13.2% (95% CI: 1.8%–32.8%) and the overall mortality was 34.5% (95% CI: 24.8%–44.8%). Most of patients (87.4%) died from hepatic or multiple organ failure, and only 12.6% of patients died from uncontrolled bleeding. There was no stent-related complication reported and the incidence of stent migration was 21.6% (95% CI: 4.7%–46.1%). Conclusion. Esophageal stent may be considered in patients with variceal bleeding refractory to conventional therapy.

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Delivery after Operation for Deeply Infiltrating Endometriosis

Background. It has been suggested that, during pregnancy, endometriosis can cause a variety of disease-related complications. Objectives. The purpose of the study was to find out if women with histologically confirmed endometriosis do have a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcome and if they suffer from a higher rate of complications during labor. Study Design. 51 women who underwent surgery because of deeply infiltrating endometriosis in the General Hospital Linz and the Women's General Hospital Linz and who gave birth in the Women's General Hospital Linz after the surgery were included in our survey. Results. 31 women (60.8%) had a spontaneous delivery and in 20 women (39.2%) a caesarean section was performed. There were no cases of third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations. Collectively there were 4 cases (7.8%) of preterm delivery and one case (2.0%) of premature rupture of membranes. In two women (6.5%) a retained placenta was diagnosed. Conclusions. Our study is the first description on delivery modes after surgery for deeply infiltrating endometriosis. We did not find an elevated risk for perineal or vaginal laceration in women with a history of surgery for deeply infiltrating endometriosis, even when a resection of the rectum or of the posterior vaginal wall had been performed.

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Surface patterning of polyacrylamide gel using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM)

Chem. Commun., 2016, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC05153G, Communication

Elizabeth E. Oseland, Zoe J. Ayres, Andrew Basile, David M. Haddleton, Paul Wilson, Patrick R. Unwin
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy is introduced as a new tool for the synthesis and deposition of polymers on SAM-functionalised Au surfaces.
To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.
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Chromophore-immobilized luminescent metal-organic frameworks as potential lighting phosphors and chemical sensors

Chem. Commun., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC05290H, Communication

Fang-Ming Wang, Wei Liu, Simon Teat, Feng Xu, Hao Wang, Xinlong Wang, Litao An, Jing Li
An organic chromophore H4tcbpe-F was synthesized and immobilized into metal-organic frameworks along with two bipyridine derivatives as co-ligands to generate two strongly luminescent materials [Zn2(tcbpe-F)(4,4'-bpy)[round bullet, filled]xDMA] (1) and [Zn2(tcbpe-F)(bpee)[round bullet, filled]xDMA] (2) [4,4'-bpy...
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Awareness and attitude toward using dental magnification among dental students and residents at King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry

Abstract

Background

The authors conducted a study aimed to assess the awareness and attitude among dental students and residents at King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry (KAUFD) toward using dental magnification.

Methods

An e-questionnaire was formulated then sent to dental students and residents (n = 651). The questionnaire included questions that assessed both the awareness and attitude toward using dental magnification. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22. The chi-square test was used to establish relationships between categorical variables.

Results

The response rate was 69.7 % (n = 454). Of those, 78.1 % did not use magnification during dental procedures. However, 81.8 % agreed that dental magnification could enhance the accuracy and quality of their dental work. Thus, 91.6 % thought it would be useful in endodontics and 46.3 % voted for surgery. Of the 21.9 % that used magnification, dental loupes were mostly used, 55.9 %. The majority (59.4 %) of the participants believed that using dental magnification should be introduced by faculty beginning in Year I of dental school.

Conclusions

Among our respondents, most of the undergraduate students did not use dental magnification nor attended courses in the use of dental magnifications. However, most of the students were aware of its significance in improving the accuracy and quality of their work.

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Mineralising and antibacterial effects of modified calcium phosphate treatment on human root cementum

Abstract

Background

Aging population will lead to the increase of incidence of root caries globally. The clinical management of root caries is challenging due to the difficulty in moisture isolation. The root caries is caused by the release of organic acids from cariogenic bacteria which results in the dissolution of cementum and dentin of the root. The purpose of this study is to study the efficacy of modified saturated calcium phosphate solution (CaP) supplement with zinc (Zn²⁺) and/or fluoride (F^-) in providing root cementum surfaces less susceptible to acid dissolution and bacterial colonization.

Methods

Human root cementum sections from extracted premolars were treated with three modified calcium phosphate solutions (M/A-CaPs) respectively: (A) CaP-F/Zn, supplemented with F^- and Zn²⁺; (B) CaP-F, supplemented with F^- only; (C) CaP-Zn, supplemented with Zn²⁺ only. The surface characteristics of treated cementum sections were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Following the acid attack and Streptococcus mutans challenge, M/A-CaPs treated cementum surfaces were analysed using inductive coupled plasma (ICP) and SEM respectively.

Results

Compared with the control group, M/A-CaPs treated cementum presented significant improvements in resistance to acid dissolution and bacterial colonization. Among M/A-CaPs, the CaP-F/Zn treated cementum surfaces released the lowest amount of Ca²⁺ ions (2.11 ± 0.51 ppm) upon acid challenge (n = 3, p < 0.01) and also presented the most significant inhibiting effect against the colonization of S. mutans (n = 180, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Saturated calcium phosphate solution CaP supplemented with both F^- and Zn²⁺ could be applied as an effective coating material providing acid resistance and antibacterial property on cementum surfaces. The modified calcium phosphate-based solution could be a new treatment strategy to prevent the development of root caries and arrest the further progression of root caries.

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Neural stem cells in lead toxicity

Lead (Pb) exposure in the early stages of neurodevelopment results in long-lasting alterations that ultimately cognitive function and behaviour. The prime targets of lead toxicity are the multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs). The present review article will discuss the basic molecular physiology involved in the toxicity mechanisms induced by lead and its resultant counter effects on nervous system and physiology. The article shall help researchers working in the area to design new drugs and therapeutics for the efficient management of neuro-toxic states especially upon prenatal exposure to lead.

L'articolo Neural stem cells in lead toxicity sembra essere il primo su European Review.

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Tunable Reactivity of Geminal Bis(silyl) Enol Derivatives Leading to Selective exo-IEDDA or Sakurai Allylation with [small beta],[gamma]-Unsaturated Ketoester

Chem. Commun., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC04593F, Communication

zhenlei song, Zubao Gan, Zhiwen Chu, Jia Hu, Zhishan Su, Changwei Hu, Lu Gao
Two contrasting pathways in a SnCl4-catalyzed reaction of geminal bis(silyl) enol derivatives with [small beta],[gamma]-unsaturated ketoesters have been achieved by tuning the R group in the enol moiety. While electron-donating Bn-substituted...
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