Answer to the comment by Per Eystein Lonning on 'The serum estradiol concentration is the main determinant of the estradiol concentration in normal breast tissue'

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Model-based visualization and understanding of monomer sequence formation in the synthesis of gradient copoly(2-oxazoline)s

For the first time, the formation of monomer sequences of individual macromolecules during cationic ring-opening copolymerization (CROcoP) of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MeOx) and 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline (PhOx) in acetonitrile (3 mol L-1; 100-140 degrees C; target degree of polymerization (DP): 50-400) is visualized via kinetic Monte Carlo simulations with model parameters optimized based on experimental data. It is shown that chain transfer via beta-elimination and branching reactions are required to describe the experimental data. At complete monomer conversion for target DPs below 200, at most 5% of the chains are macromonomers and the average number of branches per chain remains below 15%. A higher amount of chains with a defined, steeper MeOx to PhOx gradient is obtained by lowering the polymerization temperature albeit at the expense of polymerization time. The simulations results highlight the great potential of CROcoP of 2-oxazolines for the direct synthesis of well-defined steep gradient copolymers.

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Implementation of an HPV vaccination program in Eldoret, Kenya: results from a qualitative assessment by key stakeholders

Background: Cervical cancer strikes hard in low-resource regions yet primary prevention is still rare. Pilot projects have however showed that Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs can attain high uptake. Nevertheless, a study accompanying a vaccination demonstration project in Eldoret, Kenya, revealed less encouraging outcomes: uptake during an initial phase targeting ten schools (i.e., 4000 eligible girls), was low and more schools had to be included to reach the proposed number of 3000 vaccinated girls. The previously conducted study also revealed that many mothers had not received promotional information which had to reach them through schools: teachers were sensitized by health staff and asked to invite students and parents for HPV vaccination in the referral hospital. In this qualitative study, we investigate factors that hampered promotion and vaccine uptake. Methods: Focus group discussions (FGD) with teachers (4) and fathers (3) were organized to assess awareness and attitudes towards the vaccination program, cervical cancer and the HPV vaccine, as well as a FGD with the vaccinators (1) to discuss the course of the program and potential improvements. Discussions were recorded, transcribed, translated, and analyzed using thematic analysis In addition, a meeting with the program coordinator was set up to reflect upon the program and the results of the FGD, and to formulate recommendations for future programs. Results: Cervical cancer was poorly understood by fathers and teachers and mainly linked with nonconforming sexual behavior and modern lifestyle. Few had heard about the vaccination opportunity: feeling uncomfortable to discuss cervical cancer and not considering it as important had hampered information flow. Teachers requested more support from health staff to address unexpected questions from parents. Non-uptake was also the result of distrust towards new vaccines. Schools entering the program in the second phase reacted faster: they were better organized, e.g., in terms of transport, while the community was already more familiarized with the vaccine. Conclusions: Close collaboration between teachers and health staff is crucial to obtain high HPV vaccine uptake among schoolgirls. Promotional messages should, besides providing correct information, tackle misbeliefs, address stigma and stress the priority to vaccinate all, regardless of lifestyle. Monitoring activities and continuous communication could allow for detection of rumors and unequal uptake in the community.

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Antipsychotica of andere psychotrope middelen en het risico op sterfte bij patiënten met dementie

Een recent retrospectief observationeel onderzoek met matching voor verschillende confounders onderzocht het absolute risico op mortaliteit 180 dagen na gebruik van een antipsychoticum, valproïnezuur of een antidepressivum ten opzichte van geen behandeling bij 90 786 patiënten ouder dan 65 jaar met dementie. In een secundaire analyse onderzocht men het dosisafhankelijke absolute risico op sterfte voor olanzapine, quetiapine en risperidon. De absolute oversterfte voor gebruikers van antipsychotica versus geen gebruikers varieerde van 3,8% (95% BI van 1,0% tot 6,6%; p<0,01) met een NNH van 26 (95% BI van 15 tot 99) voor haloperidol tot 2,0% (95% BI van 0,7% tot 3,3%; p<0,01) met een NNH van 50 (95% BI van 30 tot 150) voor quetiapine. Ook antidepressiva waren geassocieerd met een kleine statistisch significante verhoging in mortaliteit van 0,6% (95% BI van 0,3 tot 0,9) met een NNH van 166 (95% BI van 107 tot 362). Na correctie voor leeftijd, geslacht, aantal jaren dementie, aanwezigheid van delier en andere klinische en demografische kenmerken zag men ook in vergelijking met antidepressiva een toename in mortaliteit van 12,3% (95% BI van 8,6% tot 16%; p<0,01) met haloperidol en van 3,2% (95% BI van 1,6% tot 4,9%; p<0,01) met quetiapine. Met valproïnezuur kon er geen verhoging in mortaliteit aangetoond worden. Als klasse vertoonden de atypische antipsychotica (risperidon, olanzapine, quetiapine) een verhoging van de mortaliteit met 3,5% (95% BI van 0,5% tot 6,5%;p=0,02) in de hoog gedoseerde subgroep versus de laag gedoseerde subgroep. Ondanks de uitgebreidheid van deze observationele studie, waarbij men met heel wat confounders rekening hield, wijzen we er toch op dat men voor enkele belangrijke prognostische gegevens zoals ernst van dementie en gedrags-en psychiatrische symptomen niet kon corrigeren.

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Exploiting hydrophobic borohydride-rich ionic liquids as faster-igniting rocket fuels

Chem. Commun., 2016, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C5CC09737A, Communication

Tianlin Liu, Xiujuan Qi, Shi Huang, Linhai Jiang, Jianling Li, Chenglong Tang, Qinghua Zhang
A new family of hypergolic ionic liquids with ultra-short ignition delay times was designed and synthesized as potential rocket fuels.
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Sequential meta-C-H olefination of synthetically versatile benzyl silanes: effective synthesis of meta-olefinated toluene, benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohols

Chem. Commun., 2016, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C5CC09446A, Communication

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  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.

Tuhin Patra, Rahul Watile, Soumitra Agasti, Togati Naveen, Debabrata Maiti
Template assisted sequential meta-C-H bis-olefination was achieved for synthetically versatile benzyl silanes with post synthetic modifications towards different useful functionalities.
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Correction: Self-assembly of the anti-fungal polyene amphotericin B into giant helically-twisted nanotapes

Chem. Commun., 2016, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C5CC90557E, Correction

Open Access

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Ian William Hamley, Steven Kirkham, Radoslaw M. Kowalczyk, Valeria Castelletto, Mehedi Reza, Janne Ruokolainen
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