Front Cover: A Convenient Palladium-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Iodides to Primary Amides under Gas-Free Conditions (Eur. J. Org. Chem. /2017)

The Front Cover shows sweet cherries, which contain amides. In this picture, the two cherries represent formic acid and ammonium bicarbonate, which are sources of CO and NH₃, respectively. In the presence of palladium and the phosphine ligand, aryl iodides were transformed into the corresponding primary amides under gas-free conditions. More information can be found in the Communication by X.-F. Wu et al.

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CME-1, a novel polysaccharide, suppresses iNOS expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages through ceramide-initiated protein phosphatase 2A activation

Abstract

CME-1, a novel water-soluble polysaccharide purified from Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelia, has anti-oxidative, antithrombotic and antitumour properties. In this study, other major attributes of CME-1, namely anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, were investigated. Treating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with CME-1 concentration-dependently suppressed nitric oxide formation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. In the CME-1-treated RAW 264.7 cells, LPS-induced IκBα degradation and the phosphorylation of p65, Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, were reduced. Treatment with a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-specific inhibitor, significantly reversed the CME-1-suppressed iNOS expression; IκBα degradation; and p65, Akt and MAPK phosphorylation. PP2A activity up-regulation and PP2A demethylation reduction were also observed in the cells. Moreover, CME-1-induced PP2A activation and its subsequent suppression of LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells were diminished by the inhibition of ceramide signals. LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydroxyl radical formation were eliminated by treating RAW 264.7 cells with CME-1. Furthermore, the role of ceramide signalling pathway and anti-oxidative property were also demonstrated in CME-1-mediated inhibition of LPS-activated primary peritoneal macrophages. In conclusion, CME-1 suppressed iNOS expression by up-regulating ceramide-induced PP2A activation and reducing ROS production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. CME-1 is a potential therapeutic agent for treating inflammatory diseases.

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Importance and regulation of adult stem cell migration

Abstract

Cell migration is an essential process throughout the life of vertebrates, beginning during embryonic development and continuing throughout adulthood. Stem cells have an inherent ability to migrate, that is as important as their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, enabling them to maintain tissue homoeostasis and mediate repair and regeneration. Adult stem cells reside in specific tissue niches, where they remain in a quiescent state until called upon and activated by tissue environmental signals. Cell migration is a highly regulated process that involves the integration of intrinsic signals from the niche and extrinsic factors. Studies using three-dimensional in vitro models have revealed the astonishing plasticity of cells in terms of the migration modes employed in response to changes in the microenvironment. These same properties can, however, be subverted during the development of some pathologies such as cancer. In this review, we describe the response of adult stem cells to migratory stimuli and the mechanisms by which they sense and transduce intracellular signals involved in migratory processes. Understanding the molecular events underlying migration may help develop therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine and to treat diseases with a cell migration component.

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Excess pneumonia and influenza mortality attributable to seasonal influenza in subtropical Shanghai, China

Disease burden attributable to influenza is substantial in subtropical regions. Our study aims to estimate excess pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality associated with influenza by subtypes/lineages in Shang...

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Pedicled iliac crest bone flap transfer for the treatment of upper femoral shaft fracture nonunion: An anatomic study and clinical applications

Purpose

We present the results of a study on the anatomy of the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (AB-LCFA) and the use of the pedicled iliac bone flap transfer perfused by AB-LCFA combined with external fixation for the treatment of the nonunion of upper femoral shaft fractures.

Methods

The orientation, diameter, length, and distribution of the AB-LCFA from 40 lower limbs of adult cadavers were dissected and measured. From 2000 to 2012, 13 patients with nonunion of upper femoral shaft fractures underwent pedicled iliac bone flap transfer perfused by the AB-LCFA combined with external fixation. The time of bone fracture union was recorded based on X-ray examination. The functional results of the femoral shaft were evaluated by the Klemm classification.

Results

The lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) divided into ascending, transverse, and descending branches in 32 specimens (80%). The diameter of the AB-LCFA at the origin was 3.15 ± 0.9 mm and the length of the AB-LCFA was 8.51 ± 3.06 cm. The postoperative course of the procedure was uneventful in all 13 patients. The average follow-up was 15 months. Bone union was achieved in all patients and the average union time was 5.3 months. 12 patients achieved excellent or good functional results based on the Klemm classification.

Conclusion

The AB-LCFA has a consistent orientation and abundant blood flow. The transfer of the iliac crest bone flap perfused by the AB-LCFA while combined with external fixation could be an option for treating the nonunion of upper femoral shaft fractures.

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Long-term stability of dental adhesive incorporated by boron nitride nanotubes

Publication date: Available online 6 December 2017
Source:Dental Materials
Author(s): Felipe Weidenbach Degrazia, Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune, Fernanda Visioli, Susana Maria Werner Samuel, Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate physicochemical properties, long-term microtensile bond strength and cytotoxicity of methacrylate-based adhesive containing boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) as fillers.MethodsA dental adhesive was formulated using BisGMA/HEMA, 66/33wt% (control). Inorganic BNNT fillers were incorporated into the adhesive at different concentrations (0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.15wt%). Analyses of degree of conversion (DC), polymerization rate [Rp.(s⁻¹)], contact angle (CA) on dentin, after 24h and 6 months microtensile bond strength (μTBS-24h and 6 months) were assessed. Cytotoxicity was performed through viability of fibroblast cells (%) by sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetry.ResultsDC and max. polymerization rate increased (p<0.05) after incorporating 0.075 and 0.1wt% BNNT. The contact angle on dentin increased (p<0.05) after incorporating 0.15wt% BNNT. The μTBS-24h showed no changes (p>0.05) after incorporating up to 0.15wt% BNNT comparing to control. After 6 months, μTBS decreased (p<0.05) for control and 0.15wt% BNNT and BNNT groups up to 0.15wt% showed higher μTBS than control (p<0.05). No difference of fibroblast growth was found among adhesives (p>0.05) and up to 19% of cell viability was found comparing 0.05wt% BNNT to positive control group (100%).SignificanceIncorporating boron nitride nanotubes up to 0.1wt% into dental adhesive increased the long-term stability to dentin without decreasing viability of fibroblast cell growth. Thus, the use of BNNTs as filler may decrease failure rate of current dentinal adhesives.



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Varicella pseudo-Koebner phenomenon associated with vascular access opening

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