Extracellular Vesicles in Glioblastoma: Role in Biological Processes and in Therapeutic Applications.

Extracellular Vesicles in Glioblastoma: Role in Biological Processes and in Therapeutic Applications.

Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2016 Aug 13;

Authors: Giusti I, Di Francesco M, Dolo V

Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and most malignant form of primary brain cancer and it is characterized by one of the highest mortality among human cancers. Maximal and aggressive surgical resection is the first approach treatment but it is not usually definitive, being the tumor characterized by a high proliferative rate and an extensive invasion. An early diagnosis, associated to a careful monitoring, is pivotal in glioblastoma treatment; the Magnetic Resonance Imaging is used for monitoring purpose, but it's not sensitive enough to detect very small tumors; a valid alternative could be a repeated biopsy, but it is associated to a significant morbidity: less invasive options for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring are unfailingly researched. In recent years it has begun to take hold the knowledge that glioblastoma cells secrete in their surrounding microenvironment extracellular vesicles (microvesicles and exosomes), which mirror the molecular features of parental cells and are able to escape from tumor microenvironment and reach cerebrospinal fluid and systemic blood circulation. Such information led to consider the possibility to use extracellular vesicles in biological fluids as markers of glioblastoma pathology and to use them as a more feasible "liquid-biopsy" to gain diagnostic information, follow the disease progression and the response to clinical treatment, just through a blood test or cerebrospinal fluid collection. To date the most interesting extracellular vesicles-associated molecules studied as glioblastoma markers include several miRNAs, EGFRvIII and IDH1R132H. Approaches aiming to use extracellular vesicles as cell-free vaccines or vehicle of therapeutic molecules are also taken into account.

PMID: 27528364 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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