Distinct spatiotemporal accumulation of N-truncated and full-length amyloid-β 42 in Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract

Accumulation of amyloid-β peptides is a dominant feature in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease; however, it is not clear how individual amyloid-β species accumulate and affect other neuropathological and clinical features in the disease. Thus, we compared the accumulation of N-terminally truncated amyloid-β and full-length amyloid-β, depending on disease stage as well as brain area, and determined how these amyloid-β species respectively correlate with clinicopathological features of Alzheimer's disease. To this end, the amounts of amyloid-β species and other proteins related to amyloid-β metabolism or Alzheimer's disease were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or theoretically calculated in 12 brain regions, including neocortical, limbic and subcortical areas from Alzheimer's disease cases (n = 19), neurologically normal elderly without amyloid-β accumulation (normal ageing, n = 13), and neurologically normal elderly with cortical amyloid-β accumulation (pathological ageing, n = 15). We observed that N-terminally truncated amyloid-β₄₂ and full-length amyloid-β₄₂ accumulations distributed differently across disease stages and brain areas, while N-terminally truncated amyloid-β₄₀ and full-length amyloid-β₄₀ accumulation showed an almost identical distribution pattern. Cortical N-terminally truncated amyloid-β₄₂ accumulation was increased in Alzheimer's disease compared to pathological ageing, whereas cortical full-length amyloid-β₄₂ accumulation was comparable between Alzheimer's disease and pathological ageing. Moreover, N-terminally truncated amyloid-β₄₂ were more likely to accumulate more in specific brain areas, especially some limbic areas, while full-length amyloid-β₄₂ tended to accumulate more in several neocortical areas, including frontal cortices. Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry analysis showed that several N-terminally truncated amyloid-β₄₂ species, represented by pyroglutamylated amyloid-β_11-42, were enriched in these areas, consistent with ELISA results. N-terminally truncated amyloid-β₄₂ accumulation showed significant regional association with BACE1 and neprilysin, but not PSD95 that regionally associated with full-length amyloid-β₄₂ accumulation. Interestingly, accumulations of tau and to a greater extent apolipoprotein E (apoE, encoded by APOE) were more strongly correlated with N-terminally truncated amyloid-β₄₂ accumulation than those of other amyloid-β species across brain areas and disease stages. Consistently, immunohistochemical staining and in vitro binding assays showed that apoE co-localized and bound more strongly with pyroglutamylated amyloid-β_11-x fibrils than full-length amyloid-β fibrils. Retrospective review of clinical records showed that accumulation of N-terminally truncated amyloid-β₄₂ in cortical areas was associated with disease onset, duration and cognitive scores. Collectively, N-terminally truncated amyloid-β₄₂ species have spatiotemporal accumulation patterns distinct from full-length amyloid-β₄₂, likely due to different mechanisms governing their accumulations in the brain. These truncated amyloid-β species could play critical roles in the disease by linking other clinicopathological features of Alzheimer's disease.

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