The international energy agency

This chapter surveys the role of the IEA as a key component of the international energy security system. First, it gives an overview of the nature of the energy security challenges and the key governance regimes that have been set up historically to manage these challenges, including the IEA. Then, it elaborates on the specific roles taken up by the IEA in global energy governance, particularly in light of the dramatic changes that characterize the global energy security system. Finally, it gives a comparative overview of the three oil market interventions that the IEA has so far coordinated, before presenting the conclusions.

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Optimalisation de la pharmacothérapie en pharmacie d'officine chez des patients atteints de Bronchopneumopathie Chronique Obstructive (BPCO): une analyse coût-efficacité

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Challenging the other: exploring the role of opponent gender in digital game competition for female players

The present study investigated the effect of opponent gender on the game experience of female players. Concretely, it looked into skill perception and player emotions of women in same-gender and cross-gender game competition. We set up a 2 (male vs. female opponent) x 2 (low vs. high competitive women) x 2 (lost vs. won game) experimental design in which women were instructed to play against a proclaimed male and female competitor. Unknowingly, participants played against an AI, however, which was configured to produce a winning and a losing condition for each opponent by manipulating difficulty. Results indicated that opponent gender only had an effect on perceived stress, which was higher with male opponents. Moreover, players evaluated their own gaming skills as lower when they thought they were playing against men and the skills of presumed male opponents as higher. Importantly our results also showed that the above described pattern for self-perceived skills and perceived opponent skills was modulated by trait competitiveness with a larger effect size for low competitive women. Overall, this study illustrates that gender dynamics affect the play experience of women in cross-gender gaming competition. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Randomized controlled clinical pilot study of all-ceramic single-tooth implant reconstructions: clinical and microbiological outcomes at one year of loading

Abstract

Objective

To test whether or not pink veneering of the submucosal part of zirconia abutments influences clinical, microbiological and histological outcomes of cemented implant-supported single crowns (ISSC).

Materials and methods

A total of 20 patients with one single-tooth implant in the esthetic zone were included. Implants were randomly restored with either pink-veneered zirconia abutments (test group; n = 10) or non-veneered white zirconia abutments (control group; n = 10) and with adhesively cemented all-ceramic crowns. At the 6-month follow-up, soft tissue biopsies were prepared for histological evaluation and microbiological samples were collected around abutments and the respective contra-lateral teeth (in 10 of 20 patients). One year after the initiation of loading, clinical parameters were assessed. Robust linear mixed model and cumulative linked mixed model analyses were performed to investigate the effect of group and time-point on clinical and biological outcomes.

Results

Clinical evaluations revealed stable peri-implant soft tissues in terms of probing pocket depth, but a high BOP index (87.5% control; 80.0% test). No statistically significant differences were observed between the test and control group for any outcome measure (P > 0.05). No major biological complications occurred during the observation period. Histological samples revealed a remarkable degree of inflammation in both groups without clear differences in qualitative histological features. Microbiological evaluation demonstrated a slightly higher bacterial count at implants compared to natural teeth at one year of loading without marked differences between groups.

Conclusion

Limited by a small sample size and a relatively short observation period, pink-veneered zirconia abutments exhibited similar clinical, histological and microbiological outcomes as non-veneered zirconia abutments supporting cemented single crowns.

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MRI Detection of Extramural Venous Invasion in Rectal Cancer: Correlation With Histopathology Using Elastin Stain

American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.


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Exploration of Imaging Biomarkers for Predicting Survival of Patients With Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Antiangiogenic Chemotherapy

American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.


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Automated Volumetric Breast Density Measurements in the Era of the BI-RADS Fifth Edition: A Comparison With Visual Assessment

American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.


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Does Real-Time Monitoring of Patient Dose With Dose Management Software Increase CT Technologists' Radiation Awareness?

American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.


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Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Associations Between CT Features and Patient Survival

American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.


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How Secure Is Your Radiology Department? Mapping Digital Radiology Adoption and Security Worldwide

American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.


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Diagnostic Performance of Split-Bolus Portal Venous Phase Dual-Energy CT Urography in Patients With Hematuria

American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.


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A Case of Brucellosis with Recurrent Attacks of Vasculitis

Brucellosis is a zoonosis that affects several organs or systems. Skin involvement is nonspecific and it is reported to range between 0,4 and 17% of the patients with brucellosis. Here, we defined a 36-year-old female patient presented to our clinic with a clinical picture of recurrent attacks of vasculitis due to brucellosis for the first time. Skin involvement and vasculitic lesions as a finding of skin involvement are nonspecific in brucellosis. Therefore, in the regions like Turkey where brucellosis is endemic, brucellosis should be kept in mind necessarily in the differential diagnosis of vasculitis.

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Interlocked multi-armed carbon for stable oxygen reduction

Chem. Commun., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC01095D, Communication

Yi Ming Li, Lei Li, Long feng Zhu, Li Gu, Xue Bo Cao
By employing multi-armed ZnO as zinc source and sacrificial scaffold, we readily prepared multi-armed ZIF-8 and converted it into N-doped multi-armed carbon (MAC) with interlocked structure and multimodal pores. The...
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry

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Iflavirus increases its infectivity and physical stability in association with baculovirus

Virus transmission and the prevalence of infection depend on multiple factors, including the interaction with other viral pathogens infecting the same host. In this study, active replication of an iflavirus, Spodoptera exigua iflavirus 1 (order Picornavirales) was observed in the offspring of insects that survived following inoculation with a pathogenic baculovirus, Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Tracking the origin of the iflavirus suggested the association of this virus with the occlusion bodies of the baculovirus. Here we investigated the effect of this association on the stability and infectivity of both viruses. A reduction in baculovirus pathogenicity, without affecting its infectivity and productivity, was observed when associated with the iflavirus. In contrast, viral association increased the infectivity of the iflavirus and its resistance to ultraviolet radiation and high temperature, two of the main factors affecting virus stability in the field. In addition, electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of particles resembling iflavirus virions inside the occlusion bodies of the baculovirus, suggesting the possible co-occlusion of both viruses. Results reported here are indicative of facultative phoresis of a virus and suggest that virus–virus interactions may be more common than currently recognized, and may be influential in the ecology of baculovirus and host populations and in consequence in the use of baculoviruses as biological insecticides.

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Aboveground carbon in Quebec forests: stock quantification at the provincial scale and assessment of temperature, precipitation and edaphic properties effects on the potential stand-level stocking

Biological carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems plays an important role in the net balance of greenhouse gases, acting as a carbon sink for anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the abiotic environmental factors (including climate) that control carbon storage in temperate and boreal forests and consequently, about their potential response to climate changes. From a set of more than 94,000 forest inventory plots and a large set of spatial data on forest attributes interpreted from aerial photographs, we constructed a fine-resolution map (∼375 m) of the current carbon stock in aboveground live biomass in the 435,000 km2 of managed forests in Quebec, Canada. Our analysis resulted in an area-weighted average aboveground carbon stock for productive forestland of 37.6 Mg ha−1, which is lower than commonly reported values for similar environment. Models capable of predicting the influence of mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, and soil physical environment on maximum stand-level aboveground carbon stock (MSAC) were developed. These models were then used to project the future MSAC in response to climate change. Our results indicate that the MSAC was significantly related to both mean annual temperature and precipitation, or to the interaction of these variables, and suggest that Quebec's managed forests MSAC may increase by 20% by 2041–2070 in response to climate change. Along with changes in climate, the natural disturbance regime and forest management practices will nevertheless largely drive future carbon stock at the landscape scale. Overall, our results allow accurate accounting of carbon stock in aboveground live tree biomass of Quebec's forests, and provide a better understanding of possible feedbacks between climate change and carbon storage in temperate and boreal forests.

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The effect of weight controllability beliefs on prejudice and self-efficacy

An experiment was conducted to test for the presence of prejudice towards obesity and whether weight controllability beliefs information reduces this prejudice and impacts on a person's own healthy eating self-efficacy. The experiment randomly allocated 346 participants (49 males) into one of three conditions: controllable contributors toward obesity condition (e.g., information about personal control about diet and exercise); uncontrollable contributors toward obesity condition (e.g., information about genes, factors in society); and a control condition with no information given. Prejudice was present in 81% of the sample. High prejudice was predicted by low self-efficacy for exercise and weight. Weight controllability beliefs information had no significant effect on prejudice levels or exercise or healthy eating self-efficacy levels. Future research directions are discussed.

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Genetic structure of the threatened West-Pannonian population of Great Bustard (Otis tarda)

The genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow of the Great Bustards (Otis tarda) living in Austria-Slovakia-West Hungary (West-Pannonian region), one of the few populations of this globally threatened species that survives across the Palaearctic, has been assessed for the first time in this study. Fourteen recently developed microsatellite loci identified one single population in the study area, with high values of genetic diversity and gene flow between two different genetic subunits. One of these subunits (Heideboden) was recognized as a priority for conservation, as it could be crucial to maintain connectivity with the central Hungarian population and thus contribute to keeping contemporary genetic diversity. Current conservation efforts have been successful in saving this threatened population from extinction two decades ago, and should continue to guarantee its future survival.

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The beneficial effects of cumulus cells and oocyte-cumulus cell gap junctions depends on oocyte maturation and fertilization methods in mice

Cumulus cells are a group of closely associated granulosa cells that surround and nourish oocytes. Previous studies have shown that cumulus cells contribute to oocyte maturation and fertilization through gap junction communication. However, it is not known how this gap junction signaling affects in vivo versus in vitro maturation of oocytes, and their subsequent fertilization and embryonic development following insemination. Therefore, in our study, we performed mouse oocyte maturation and insemination using in vivo- or in vitro-matured oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs, which retain gap junctions between the cumulus cells and the oocytes), in vitro-matured, denuded oocytes co-cultured with cumulus cells (DCs, which lack gap junctions between the cumulus cells and the oocytes), and in vitro-matured, denuded oocytes without cumulus cells (DOs). Using these models, we were able to analyze the effects of gap junction signaling on oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryo development. We found that gap junctions were necessary for both in vivo and in vitro oocyte maturation. In addition, for oocytes matured in vivo, the presence of cumulus cells during insemination improved fertilization and blastocyst formation, and this improvement was strengthened by gap junctions. Moreover, for oocytes matured in vitro, the presence of cumulus cells during insemination improved fertilization, but not blastocyst formation, and this improvement was independent of gap junctions. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that the beneficial effect of gap junction signaling from cumulus cells depends on oocyte maturation and fertilization methods.

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The pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio predicts survival in patients with natural killer/T-cell lymphoma

Background. The pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) has been reported to be a predictor of survival in several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of AGR in patients with natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL). Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the available serum biochemistry results for 331 NKTCL patients before treatment. AGR was calculated as albumin/(total protein—albumin), and a cut-off value of 1.3 was used to define AGR as low or high. Survival analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of AGR. Results. A low AGR (

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Cell cycle progression in glioblastoma cells is unaffected by pathophysiological levels of hypoxia

Hypoxia is associated with the increased malignancy of a broad range of solid tumours. While very severe hypoxia has been widely shown to induce cell cycle arrest, the impact of pathophysiological hypoxia on tumour cell proliferation is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different oxygen levels on glioblastoma (GBM) cell proliferation and survival. GBM is an extremely aggressive brain tumour with a heterogeneous oxygenation pattern. The effects of a range of oxygen tensions on GBM cell lines and primary cells were assessed using flow cytometry. Results indicate that cell cycle distribution and viability are unaffected by long term exposure (24–96 h) to pathophysiological levels of oxygen (1–8% O2). Both transient cell cycle arrest and small amounts of cell death could only be detected when cells were exposed to severe hypoxia (0.1% O2). No significant changes in p21 protein expression levels were detected. These findings reinforce the importance of using physiologically relevant oxygen tensions when investigating tumour hypoxia, and help to explain how solid tumours can be both hypoxic and highly proliferative, as is the case with GBM.

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The New Oil Age is Upending OPEC and Its Production Politics

The economic hardship experienced by its members makes one wonder why the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has not cut its production to prop up oil prices, as it has done regularly during the past three decades. The answer, in short, is that the oil market has changed dramatically. The self-proclaimed cartel will have a hard time carving out a new niche for itself in this new oil age.

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Fuzzy rough classifiers for class imbalanced multi-instance data

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Colonial and post-colonial urban planning and its resulting obstructed mobility: an historical view of a hospital in Kinshasa

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Case report: primary osteochondromatosis of the right TMJ

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Soft tissue tumors in adults: ESSR-approved guidelines for diagnostic imaging

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare, but early, accurate diagnosis with subsequent appropriate treatment is crucial for the clinical outcome. The ESSR guidelines are intended to help radiologists in their decision-making and support discussion among clinicians who deal with patients with suspected or proven soft tissue tumors. Potentially malignant lesions recognized by ultrasound should be referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which also serves as a preoperative local staging modality, with specific technical requirements and mandatory radiological report elements. Radiography may add information about matrix calcification and osseous involvement. Indeterminate lesions, or lesions in which therapy is dependent on histology results, should be biopsied. For biopsy, we strongly recommend referral to a specialist sarcoma center, where an interdisciplinary tumor group, with a specialized pathologist, radiologist, and the surgeon are involved. In sarcoma, a CT scan of the chest is mandatory. Additional staging modalities are entity-specific. There are no evidence-based recommendations for routine follow-up in surgically treated sarcomas. However, we would recommend regular follow-up with intervals dependent on tumor grade, for 10 years after the initial diagnosis.

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Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma of the left hand

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Details of China-Russia Gas Deal Put ‘Historic’ Agreement in Perspective

On May 21, after a decade of arduous negotiations, Russia finally signed a gas deal with China. The agreement foresees the delivery of 38 billion cubic meters (bcm) of Siberian gas a year to China for 30 years, starting around 2018. Media commentators have been quick to call the deal "historic," and Russian President Vladimir Putin trumpeted it as "the biggest contract in the history of the gas sector of the former USSR." With the deal's value of $400 billion and the involvement in it of two major non-Western powers, one might be tempted to see the agreement as an economic and geopolitical game-changer. A closer look at some of the details, however, puts the agreement in perspective.

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Toxic Mix of Oil and Politics Threatens Libya’s Cohesion

Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan was removed Tuesday after failing to stop a tanker from sailing away with an illicit shipment of Libyan oil. The event underscores the crucial role of the oil industry in the country's current political instability, while further eroding initially optimistic expectations about Libya's transition and the return to health of its oil industry.

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OPEC Faces Perfect Storm of Global Supply Glut, Internal Tensions

Last week, OPEC decided to leave its production ceiling unchanged at 30 million barrels per day, the target that it set two years ago, a decision that seems to reflect OPEC's satisfaction with current high oil prices. Yet, in reality, OPEC's inaction masks its members' inability to agree on a strategy to avert the threat of a widely anticipated supply glut in world oil markets as internal tensions build.

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How IRENA is reshaping the global energy architecture

Though it has gone largely unnoticed, the signing of a partnership agreement between the "traditional" energy agency IEA and the new renewable energy agency IRENA last January is a milestone event. With the agreement, the organizations seem ready to overcome the deep distrust that characterized their relationship when IRENA was created three years ago. In an article written for EER, researcher Thijs Van de Graaf retraces the origins and stormy beginnings of IRENA and analyzes the future impact the new agency may have on the international energy scene.

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Medicinal Plants from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Used as Immunostimulants

A literature review was undertaken by analyzing distinguished books, undergraduate and postgraduate theses, and peer-reviewed scientific articles and by consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases, such as SCOPUS, Web of Science, SCIELO, Medline, and Google Scholar. Medicinal plants used as immunostimulants were classified into two categories: (1) plants with pharmacological studies and (2) plants without pharmacological research. Medicinal plants with pharmacological studies of their immunostimulatory properties were subclassified into four groups as follows: (a) plant extracts evaluated for in vitro effects, (b) plant extracts with documented in vivo effects, (c) active compounds tested on in vitro studies, and (d) active compounds assayed in animal models. Pharmacological studies have been conducted on 29 of the plants, including extracts and compounds, whereas 75 plants lack pharmacological studies regarding their immunostimulatory activity. Medicinal plants were experimentally studied in vitro (19 plants) and in vivo (8 plants). A total of 12 compounds isolated from medicinal plants used as immunostimulants have been tested using in vitro (11 compounds) and in vivo (2 compounds) assays. This review clearly indicates the need to perform scientific studies with medicinal flora from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, to obtain new immunostimulatory agents.

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Toxins, Vol. 8, Pages 64: Isolation of Anti-Ricin Protective Antibodies Exhibiting High Affinity from Immunized Non-Human Primates

Ricin, derived from the castor bean plant Ricinus communis, is one of the most potent and lethal toxins known, against which there is no available antidote. To date, the use of neutralizing antibodies is the most promising post-exposure treatment for ricin intoxication. The aim of this study was to isolate high affinity anti-ricin antibodies that possess potent toxin-neutralization capabilities. Two non-human primates were immunized with either a ricin-holotoxin- or subunit-based vaccine, to ensure the elicitation of diverse high affinity antibodies. By using a comprehensive set of primers, immune scFv phage-displayed libraries were constructed and panned. A panel of 10 antibodies (five directed against the A subunit of ricin and five against the B subunit) was isolated and reformatted into a full-length chimeric IgG. All of these antibodies were found to neutralize ricin in vitro, and several conferred full protection to ricin-intoxicated mice when given six hours after exposure. Six antibodies were found to possess exceptionally high affinity toward the toxin, with KD values below pM (koff < 1 × 10−7 s−1) that were well correlated with their ability to neutralize ricin. These antibodies, alone or in combination, could be used for the development of a highly-effective therapeutic preparation for post-exposure treatment of ricin intoxication.

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Toxins, Vol. 8, Pages 63: Characterization and Recombinant Expression of Terebrid Venom Peptide from Terebra guttata

Venom peptides found in terebrid snails expand the toolbox of active compounds that can be applied to investigate cellular physiology and can be further developed as future therapeutics. However, unlike other predatory organisms, such as snakes, terebrids produce very small quantities of venom, making it difficult to obtain sufficient amounts for biochemical characterization. Here, we describe the first recombinant expression and characterization of terebrid peptide, teretoxin Tgu6.1, from Terebra guttata. Tgu6.1 is a novel forty-four amino acid teretoxin peptide with a VI/VII cysteine framework (C–C–CC–C–C) similar to O, M and I conotoxin superfamilies. A ligation-independent cloning strategy with an ompT protease deficient strain of E. coli was employed to recombinantly produce Tgu6.1. Thioredoxin was introduced in the plasmid to combat disulfide folding and solubility issues. Specifically Histidine-6 tag and Ni-NTA affinity chromatography were applied as a purification method, and enterokinase was used as a specific cleavage protease to effectively produce high yields of folded Tgu6.1 without extra residues to the primary sequence. The recombinantly-expressed Tgu6.1 peptide was bioactive, displaying a paralytic effect when injected into a Nereis virens polychaete bioassay. The recombinant strategy described to express Tgu6.1 can be applied to produce high yields of other disulfide-rich peptides.

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New immunoassays for total, IgA and IgM antibodies against hepatitis E virus: Prevalence in Italian blood donors and patients with chronic liver or kidney diseases

Digestive and Liver Diseases

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Treatment Adherence and Virologic Response Rates in HCV Infected Persons Treated with Sofosbuvir-based Regimens: Results from ERCHIVES

Liver International

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Current research in necrotizing enterocolitis

Early Human Development

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Helicobacter pylori in children with asthmatic conditions at school age, and their mothers

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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Melanoma associated antigen (MAGE)-A3 promotes cell proliferation and chemotherapeutic drug resistance in gastric cancer

Cellular Oncology

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A phase II study of FOLFOXIRI plus panitumumab followed by evaluation for resection in patients with metastatic kras wild-type colorectal cancer with liver metastases only

The Oncologist

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Finding the undiagnosed: A qualitative exploration of hepatitis C diagnosis delay in the United Kingdom

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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Ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir, dasabuvir and ribavirin in cirrhosis after complete destruction of hepatocellular carcinoma

World Journal of Gastroenterology

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International prospective study of distal intestinal obstruction syndrome in cystic fibrosis: Associated factors and outcome

Journal of Cystic Fibrosis

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RiMINI - the influence of rifaximin on minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) and on the intestinal microbiome in patients with liver cirrhosis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Trials

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Crohn’s disease: evolution, epigenetics, and the emerging role of microbiome-targeted therapies

Current Gastroenterology Reports

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Lack of clinical or haemodynamic rebound after abrupt interruption of beta-blockers in patients with cirrhosis

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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Survival of Colorectal Cancer in Patients With or Without Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Digestive Diseases and Sciences

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The American College of Preventive Medicine Position Statement on Hepatitis C Virus Infection

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Esophageal squamous dysplasia is common in asymptomatic Kenyans: A prospective, community-based, cross-sectional study

The American Journal of Gastroenterology

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Targeting lifestyle behavior change in adults with nafld during a 20-min consultation: summary of the dietary and exercise literature

Current Gastroenterology Reports

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Early enteral nutrition in children with acute pancreatitis

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

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