Impacts of rapeseed dregs on Cd availability in contaminated acid soil and Cd translocation and accumulation in rice plants

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of rapeseed dregs (RSD, a commonly organic fertilizer in rural China) at application rates of 0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 % on Cd availability in soil and its accumulation in rice plants (Oryza sativa L., Xiangwanxian 12^#, and Weiyou 46^#) by means of a pot experiment. The results showed that application of RSD resulted in a sharp decrease in the soil TCLP-extractable Cd content. However, the soil TCLP-extractable Cd content in amended soil gradually increased during the rice growing period. Application of RSD significantly increased Cd transport from root to shoot and the amount of Cd accumulated in the aerial part. RSD was an effective organic additive for increasing rice grain yield, but total Cd content in rice grain was also increased. At an application rate of 1.5–3.0 % RSD, the total Cd content in Weiyou 46^# brown rice was 0.27–0.31 mg kg⁻¹, which exceeded the standard safe limit (0.2 mg kg⁻¹) and was also higher than that of Xiangwanxian 12^# (0.04–0.14 mg kg⁻¹). Therefore, Weiyou 46^# had a higher dietary risk than Xiangwanxian 12^# with RSD application. We do not recommend planting Weiyou 46^# and applying more than 0.75 % RSD in Cd-contaminated paddy fields.

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Robotic Crawling Assistant for Kids at Risk of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) can be detrimental to the physical development of a child, but the earlier therapy is initiated the better are its results. The trick is to identify young children at risk of CP and to provide them with a therapy that helps with long term development. To that end, researchers at University of Oklahoma created a device that helps infants crawl around the floor while their brain activity is being monitored.

Coupled with a movement test that's pretty good at forecasting which kids will develop CP, the robotic system allows at-risk kids to begin moving around earlier than they would normally would. This can provide a jumpstart months ahead of when the child would be able to crawl on their own, boosting how ready they are for overcoming CP.

The electroencephalogram (EEG) that is obtained through a cap worn on the head during robotic therapy sessions helps the researchers track brain activity and measure change over time.

More from IEEE Spectrum: Robotic Onesie Assists Babies at Risk for Cerebral Palsy…

This post Robotic Crawling Assistant for Kids at Risk of Cerebral Palsy appeared first on Medgadget.

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Generalized estimation of the ventilatory distribution from the multiple-breath nitrogen washout

This work presents a generalized technique to estimate pulmonary ventilation-to-volume (v/V) distributions using the multiple-breath nitrogen washout, in which both tidal volume (V ...

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A Critical Evaluation of Anti-IL-13 and Anti-IL-4 Strategies in Severe Asthma

Asthma is a high-prevalence disease, still accounting for mortality and high direct and indirect costs. It is now recognized that, despite the implementation of guidelines, a large proportion of cases remain not controlled. Certainly, adherence to therapy and the education of patients remain the primary objective, but the increasingly detailed knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms and new biotechnologies offer the opportunity to better address and treat the disease. Interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-4 appear as the most suitable targets to treat the T helper 2 (TH2)-mediated forms (endotypes) of asthma. IL-13 and IL-4 partly share the same receptor and signaling pathways and both are deeply involved in immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis, eosinophil activation, mucus secretion and airways remodeling. Several anti-IL-13 strategies have been proposed (anrukinzumab, lebrikizunab and tralokinumab), with relevant clinical results reported with lebrikizumab. Such studies facilitate better definition of the possible predictive markers of response to a specific treatment (e.g. eosinophils, total IgE, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and periostin). In parallel, anti-IL-4 strategies have been attempted (pascolizumab, pitakinra and dupilumab). So far, dupilumab was reported capable of reducing the severity of asthma and the rate of exacerbations. IL-13 and IL-4 are crucial in TH2-mediated inflammation in asthma, but it remains clear that only specific endotypes respond to these treatments. Although the use of anti-IL-14 and anti-IL-13 strategies is promising, the search for appropriate predictive biomarkers is urgently needed to better apply biological treatments.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016;170:115-124

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Multidrug-Resistant Aeromonas veronii Recovered from Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in China: Prevalence and Mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone Resistance

Microbial Drug Resistance , Vol. 0, No. 0.


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Technology and Democracy: Three Lessons from Brexit

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Harnessing Topographical Cues for Tissue Engineering

Tissue Engineering Part A , Vol. 0, No. 0.


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Production, purification and crystallization of a trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma vivax

Sialidases and trans-sialidases play important roles in the life cycles of various microorganisms. These enzymes can serve nutritional purposes, act as virulence factors or mediate cellular interactions (cell evasion and invasion). In the case of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma vivax, trans-sialidase activity has been suggested to be involved in infection-associated anaemia, which is the major pathology in the disease nagana. The physiological role of trypanosomal trans-sialidases in host-parasite interaction as well as their structures remain obscure. Here, the production, purification and crystallization of a recombinant version of T. vivaxtrans-sialidase 1 (rTvTS1) are described. The obtained rTvTS1 crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.5 angstrom and belonged to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 57.3, b = 78.4, c = 209.0 angstrom.

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Sandwich Wound Closure Reduces the Risk of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Posterior Fossa Surgery.

Sandwich Wound Closure Reduces the Risk of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Posterior Fossa Surgery.

Clin Pract. 2016 Apr 26;6(2):824

Authors: Heymanns V, Oseni AW, Alyeldien A, Maslehaty H, Parvin R, Scholz M, Petridis AK

Abstract
Posterior fossa surgery is demanding and hides a significant number of obstacles starting from the approach to the wound closure. The risk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage in posterior fossa surgery given in the literature is around 8%. The present study aims to introduce a sandwich closure of the dura in posterior fossa surgery, which reduces significantly the number of CSF leaks (3.8%) in the patients treated in our department. Three hundred and ten patients treated in our hospital in the years 2009-2013 for posterior fossa pathologies were retrospectively evaluated. The dura closure method was as following: lyophilized dura put under the dura and sealed with fibrin glue and sutures, dura adapting stitches, TachoSil® (Takeda Pharma A/S, Roskilde, Denmark), Gelfoam® (Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA) and polymethylmethacrylate (osteoclastic craniotomy). The incidence of postsurgical complications associated with the dural closure like CSF leakage, infections, bleeding is evaluated. Only 3.8% of patients developed CSF leakage and only 0.5% needed a second surgery for CSF leakage closure. Two percent had a cerebellar bleeding with no need for re-operation and 3% had a wound infection treated with antibiotics. The sandwich wound closure we are applying for posterior fossa surgery in our patients correlates with a significant reduction of CSF leaks compared to the literature.

PMID: 27478578 [PubMed]

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Hypoxia Promotes Osteogenesis of Human Placental-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Hypoxia Promotes Osteogenesis of Human Placental-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Tohoku J Exp Med. 2016;239(4):287-96

Authors: Gu Q, Gu Y, Shi Q, Yang H

Abstract
Placental-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pMSCs) are promising candidates for regenerative medicine because they possess high proliferative capacity and multi-differentiation potential. Human pMSCs are residing in an environment with low oxygen tension in the body. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known to participate in the regulation of MSC differentiation. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of hypoxia on the osteogenic differentiation of human pMSCs, and to elucidate the role of HO-1 in the osteogenic differentiation of hypoxic pMSCs. Human pMSCs were cultured under normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (5% O2) for 3 days. We found that hypoxia maintained the morphology and immunophenotype of human pMSCs. The expression of stemness markers Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 was increased under hypoxia. After a 5-day hypoxic culture, the proliferation ability of pMSCs was increased, which might be correlated with the increased expression of stem cell factor. During osteogenic induction, hypoxia increased the expression of osteogenic genes including osteopontin, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Moreover, hypoxia increased the mineralization and ALP levels of human pMSCs as evidenced by Alizarin Red staining and ALP staining. Upregulation of HO-1 by cobalt-protoporphyrin treatment increased the osteogenic differentiation of pMSCs under hypoxia, while inhibition of HO-1 by Zn-protoporphyrin reduced the osteogenic differentiation of hypoxic pMSCs. Taken together, our data suggest that hypoxia can promote the osteogenic differentiation of human pMSCs. Upregulation of HO-1 can further increase the osteogenesis of human pMSCs under hypoxia. Our findings will highlight the therapeutic potential of MSCs in the tissue engineering of bones.

PMID: 27477937 [PubMed - in process]

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Sodium Selenite Inhibits Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells by Inducing SBP1 Expression.

Sodium Selenite Inhibits Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells by Inducing SBP1 Expression.

Tohoku J Exp Med. 2016;239(4):279-85

Authors: Gong J, Li L

Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element with an inhibitory effect on many types of human cancers, including gastric cancer. Selenium-binding protein 1 (SBP1) has been shown as a possible mediator of selenium's anti-cancer functions. Indeed, SBP1 was downregulated in gastric cancer, which is related with poor prognosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor effects of SBP1 remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of selenium and/or SBP1 on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. We used SGC7901 and N87 human gastric cancer cell lines and nude mice carrying subcutaneously implanted SGC7901 cells. Treatment with sodium selenite for 48 h caused the inhibition of cell proliferation and the increase in apoptosis of SGC7901 and N87 cells. Furthermore, sodium selenite increased the expression level of SBP1 and decreased the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the Wnt pathway components and its downstream targets, including β-catenin, GSK-3β, c-myc and cyclinD1 in these cell lines. However, these effects of sodium selenite were attenuated in SGC7901 and N87 cells by knockdown of SBP1 expression. Thus, the sodium selenite-induced SBP1 expression is associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation and with the induced apoptosis. Importantly, sodium selenite treatment retarded the growth of the transplanted SGC7901 cells in nude mice, with the induction of SBP1 expression, which was associated with the decrease of Nrf2 expression and the inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We suggest that sodium selenite may have a potential application in gastric cancer treatment.

PMID: 27477809 [PubMed - in process]

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Our experience with gastrointestinal stromal tumors over a period of three years from a tertiary care centre

2016-08-02T07-50-03Z
Source: International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
M. Vasundhara, G. Parvathi, A. Bhagya Lakshmi.
Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Stomach being the commonest site in the GIT, it can occur in the extra-intestinal areas like mesentery, retroperitoneum, omentum and prostate. Exceptionally rare in urinary bladder. Commonly present as solid tumors but cystic degeneration can occur in large tumors especially in extra intestinal regions and may be mistaken for ovarian tumors. We have studied GISTs for a period of 3 years and presenting certain rare entities we encountered. Aim of the study was to study the age and sex prevalence and relative distribution of GISTs in gastrointestinal and extra gastrointestinal (EGIST) areas in various sites, and morphological features in relation to certain rare variants. Methods: 18 surgical resected specimens of gastrointestinal and extra gastrointestinal masses received at the department of pathology, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, were studied for a period of 3 years from July 2013 to June 2016. Results: GISTs were found to be common in male patients with male to female ratio of 2:1. GISTs of Small bowel showed female predilection. 40% of EGISTs were of larger size and malignant. Conclusions: Age, sex and morphological features were consistent with literature. Small intestine showed slightly increased prevalence when compared to stomach and large intestine. Tumor size and mitotic count were predictors of outcome. EGISTs showed higher incidence in women and pelvic GISTs have to be carefully evaluated to differentiate them from ovarian tumors


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In-vitro Anti-Leishmanial Potential of Peptide Drug Hirudin

Abstract

Hirudin is clinically an important drug used for the treatment of cardiac diseases, but has never been elucidated for anti-leishmanial potential. The present study was designed to determine the therapeutic utility of hirudin against leishmaniasis. Binding affinities of 28 potent proteinase inhibitors were screened computationally against leishmanolysin (GP63), out of which, hirudin exhibited higher binding affinity with GP63 and good expected IC₅₀ values. Experimentally, hirudin showed most promising activity against promastigote and axenic amastigote forms of leishmanial parasites with IC₅₀ values of 0.60±0.36 μg/ml and 0.43±0.23 μg/ml, respectively in a dose and time-dependent assay. The cytotoxicity assay revealed no adverse effects on human macrophages with LD₅₀ value of 860.11±53.44 μg/ml. Hirudin caused leishmanial cell death mainly by apoptosis and membrane permeability. In spite of the basic knowledge obtained, hirudin mechanism is considerably less prone to the induction of resistance than classical drugs. Collectively, the current study fosters further studies for the hirudin as new anti-leishmania lead with a new mode of action.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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International Defensive Medicine in Neurosurgery: A Comparison of Canada, South Africa, and the United States.

International Defensive Medicine in Neurosurgery: A Comparison of Canada, South Africa, and the United States.

World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul 28;

Authors: Yan SC, Hulou MM, Cote DJ, Roytowski D, Rutka JT, Gormley WB, Smith TR

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Perception of medico-legal risk has been shown to influence defensive medicine behaviors. Canada, South Africa, and the U.S. have three vastly different healthcare and medico-legal systems. There has been no previous study comparing defensive medicine practices internationally.
METHODS: An online survey was sent to 3,672 neurosurgeons across Canada, South Africa, and the U.S. The survey included questions on the following domains: surgeon demographics, patient characteristics, physician practice type, surgeon liability profile, defensive behavior - including questions on the frequency of ordering additional imaging, laboratory tests, and consults - and perception of the liability environment. Responses were analyzed, and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the correlation of medico-legal risk environment and defensive behavior.
RESULTS: The response rate was 30.3% in the U.S. (n=1,014), 36.5% in Canada (n=62), and 41.8% in South Africa (n=66). Canadian neurosurgeons reported an average annual malpractice premium of $19,110 (SD=$11,516), compared to $16,262 (SD=$7,078) for South African respondents, $75,857 (SD=$50,775) for neurosurgeons from low-risk U.S. states, and $128,181 (SD=$79,355) for those from high-risk U.S. states. Neurosurgeons from South Africa were 2.8 times more likely to engage in defensive behaviors compared to Canadian neurosurgeons, while neurosurgeons from low-risk U.S. states were 2.6 times more likely. Neurosurgeons from high-risk U.S. states were 4.5 times more likely to practice defensively compared to Canadian neurosurgeons.
CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgeons from the U.S. and South Africa are more likely to practice defensively than neurosurgeons from Canada. Perception of medico-legal risk is correlated with reported neurosurgical defensive medicine within these countries.

PMID: 27476695 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: a retrospective case series.

Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: a retrospective case series.

World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul 28;

Authors: Rutkowski MJ, Oh T, Niflioglu GG, Safaee M, Tihan T, Parsa AT

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a unique meningocerebral glioma with relatively favorable prognosis. PXA also possess a variant with anaplastic features (aPXA) that is associated with poor outcomes. To date, few studies have examined the clinico-pathologic importance of these anaplastic features.
METHODS: From 1999 to 2012, 8 patients with aPXA were treated at the University of California, San Francisco. Cases were re-confirmed by neuropathology, and clinical information regarding patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment outcomes were assembled. Tumors were classified as aPXA according to the WHO diagnostic criteria established in 2007.
RESULTS: There were 5 female and 3 male patients in our cohort, ranging in age from 4 to 74 years at initial diagnosis. Seizure was the most common presenting symptom (44%), and the majority of tumors arose in the frontal or temporal lobes (89%). Six patients received subtotal resection (STR), and all suffered from progression despite adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Median time to progression was 20 months, with a 1 year progression-free survival rate of 57%. Three aPXA patients expired with a median survival of 87 months. Four patients developed disseminated disease. Three of 8 (38%) showed BRAF(v600) mutation.
CONCLUSION: aPXA is associated with poorer clinical outcomes compared to PXA. Gross total resection should be the goal of initial treatment. It remains unclear whether adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy are able to prevent progression or dissemination. Long-term monitoring of all patients is a critical step in management due to the potential for tumors to transform into higher grade lesions.

PMID: 27476694 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Improving Neurosurgical outcomes in the ICU: could Dexmedetomidine make a Difference in Ventilator Free Days, Neurological Monitoring and Outcomes?

Improving Neurosurgical outcomes in the ICU: could Dexmedetomidine make a Difference in Ventilator Free Days, Neurological Monitoring and Outcomes?

World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul 28;

Authors: Rahme RJ, Pines AR, Welz M, Aoun RJ, Sattur MG, Krishna C, Bendok BR

PMID: 27476693 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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To Fuse or Not to Fuse: That is (Still) the Question.

To Fuse or Not to Fuse: That is (Still) the Question.

World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul 28;

Authors: Tanweer O, Barger J, Frempong-Boadu AK

PMID: 27476692 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Clinical Interrogation for Unveiling an Isolated Hypophysitis Mimicking Pituitary Adenoma.

Clinical Interrogation for Unveiling an Isolated Hypophysitis Mimicking Pituitary Adenoma.

World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul 28;

Authors: Lee S, Choi JH, Kim CJ, Kim JH

Abstract
OBJECT: Hypophysitis is a rare disease entity mimicking a pituitary adenoma. In spite of crucial disease involving a pituitary gland which is a main component of hormonal axis, there have been minimal researches regarding the hypophysitis. In this study, we described the constellation of the preoperative findings including clinical, radiologic, and endocrinologic features, as well as postoperative outcomes of the hypophysitis.
METHODS: The authors reviewed the data retrospectively of a total of 2,814 patients who underwent microsurgery due to pituitary mass lesion (Asan Medical Center). Among them, the patients proven as hypophysitis in histologic examination were enrolled, followed by stratification into tumor-associated hypophysitis and isolated hypophysitis depending on the existence of associated tumor lesion. As a result, a total 21 cases were enrolled consisting of the 13 cases of tumor-associated and the 8 cases of isolated hypophysitis. In this study, the isolated hypophysitis was focused on the analysis. All patients with isolated hypophysitis were evaluated the clinical, radiologic, endocrinologic tests preoperatively. After microsurgery, all patients had a minimum follow up of 6 months (6∼72 months). The clinical symptoms, endocrinologic tests, and brain MRI were checked at every 6 months during first 2 year, since then, at every 12 months. .
RESULTS: Among 2,814 cases of pituitary mass lesion underwent microsurgery, the hypophysitis were found 21 cases (0.74 %). The 13 cases were the tumor-associated hypophysitis, consisting of rathke's cleft cyst (7 cases), craniopharyngioma (3 cases), pituitary adenoma (2 cases), and germinoma (1 case). The 8 cases were the isolated hypophysitis including lymphocytic (4 cases), granulomatous (3 cases), and IgG4-related (1 case) hypophysitis. The patients presented a wide range of clinical symptoms from general weakness to panhypopituitarism. In addition, the most remarkable radiologic features of the isolated hypophysitis were infundibular thickening and the low signal intensity in T1WI and T2WI. All 8 patients with isolated hypophysitis presented endocrinologic deficiency with various extent in a preoperative biochemistry. After surgery, the hormonal status were not changed in 4 patients (50 %), however, aggravated in 4 patients (50 %). The 3 patients (37.5 %) complained visual field defects in preoperative ophthalmologic test, but improved all after surgery.
CONCLUSION: In this study, the preoperative clinical manifestations, radiologic and endocrinologic features of hypophysitis were described comprehensively. In addition, we also revealed the long-term outcomes of hypophysitis in the aspect of visual function and endocrinologic outcomes. Pre-existed visual field defects were improved in all patients (3 cases). However, all patients presented endocrinologic deficiency in preoperative biochemistry, among them, the 4 patients (50 %) were unchanged and the 4 patients (50 %) were exacerbated after surgery. In conclusion, the visual outcomes were satisfactory, however, the endocrinologic outcomes were vice versa, because the preoperative endocrinologic deterioration was unchanged or aggravated after surgery.

PMID: 27476691 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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The Microsurgical and Tractographic Anatomy of the Supplementary Motor Area Complex in Human.

The Microsurgical and Tractographic Anatomy of the Supplementary Motor Area Complex in Human.

World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul 28;

Authors: Bozkurt B, Yagmurlu K, Middlebrooks EH, Karadag A, Ovalioglu TC, Jagadeesan B, Sandhu G, Tanriover N, Grande AW

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microsurgical anatomy of the fiber tract connections of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas, and its potential functional role with reference to clinical trials in the literature.
METHODS: 10 postmortem formalin-fixed human brains (20 sides) and 1 cadaveric head were prepared with Klingler's method. The fiber dissection was performed in a stepwise fashion, both from lateral to medial and medial to lateral under an operating microscope with 3D images captured at every stage. Our findings were supported with in vivo MRI tractography in 2 healthy subjects.
RESULTS: The connections of the supplementary motor area complex, composed of pre- supplementary motor area and supplementary motor area proper, are composed of short "U" association fibers, superior longitudinal fasciculus I, cingulum, claustrocortical fibers, callosal fibers, corticospinal, frontal aslant, and frontostriatal tracts. The claustrocortical fibers may play an important role in integration of motor, language, and limbic functions of the supplementary motor area complex. The frontostriatal tract connects the pre-SMA to putamen and caudate nucleus, as well as forming part of both the internal capsule and dorsal external capsule.
CONCLUSIONS: SMA Complex has numerous connections throughout the cerebrum. An understanding of these connections is important for presurgical planning of lesions in the frontal lobe and helps explain symptoms related to SMA injury.

PMID: 27476690 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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The Bone Flap Dilemma in Acute Subdural Hematoma Surgery.

The Bone Flap Dilemma in Acute Subdural Hematoma Surgery.

World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul 28;

Authors: Beer-Furlan A, Paiva WS, de Andrade AF, Figueiredo EG

PMID: 27476689 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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2016 WHO Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors: An Era of Molecular Biology.

2016 WHO Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors: An Era of Molecular Biology.

World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul 28;

Authors: Hoshide R, Jandial R

PMID: 27476688 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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To retain or remove the bone flap during evacuation of acute subdural hematoma: factors associated with perioperative brain edema.

To retain or remove the bone flap during evacuation of acute subdural hematoma: factors associated with perioperative brain edema.

World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul 28;

Authors: Nguyen H, Janich K, Sharma A, Patel M, Mueller W

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The fate of the bone flap is a significant decision during surgical treatment of acute subdural hematoma (SDH). A general guideline revolves around the surgeon's concern for brain edema. However, limited studies have focused on the factors that contribute to perioperative brain edema. We proposed that assessment of brain volume via CT imaging in patients without bone flaps is a reasonable model to study brain edema.
METHODS: From 2012 to 2015, 38 patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy for acute SDH were reviewed. Clinical data were extracted (age, gender, initial GCS, sodium level, hematocrit, and intraoperative blood loss). CT imaging was loaded into OsiriX MD (Pixmeo, Switzerland). From the preoperative scan, SDH volume, midline shift (MLS), and volume within the skull (to estimate baseline brain volume) were measured. From the postoperative scan, brain volume (including any herniating regions) was measured. Volume was obtained by a semi-automated protocol to select the region of interest through axial CT images. The extent of brain swelling was defined as Δ%, the percentage change in postoperative brain volume compared to preoperative volume. Other parameters [presence of contralateral injury, contusions, or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)] were noted. Univariate analysis occurred to evaluate relationship between independent variables and Δ%. Then, a multiple linear regression was carried out to predict Δ%.
RESULTS: Fifteen patients (39%) demonstrated negative Δ%. Univariate analysis found significant correlations between Δ% and the following: preoperative MLS, initial GCS, presence of IVH, and presence of contralateral injury (all p < 0.05). A multiple linear regression for Δ% that combined preoperative MLS, initial GCS, and IVH elicited a significant model [F (3,34) = 17.387), p < 0.01) with R(2) 0.605, where Δ% = 16.197 -1.246*GCS -0.986*MLS + 3.292*IVH (with 0 = no IVH, 1 = presence of IVH).
CONCLUSION: A high proportion can exhibit negative Δ%, or relative brain compression, after decompression of SDH. For these patients, replacement of the bone flap may be reasonable to avoid obligatory interval cranioplasty. Preoperative MLS, initial GCS, and presence of IVH can help predict whether overall brain volume will swell or compress within the normal confines of the skull. This can guide the decision to retain or remove the bone flap.

PMID: 27476687 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Phytochemical Profile and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Medicinal Plants Used by Aboriginal People of New South Wales, Australia

Aboriginal people of Australia possess a rich knowledge on the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of sores, wounds, and skin infections, ailments which impose a high global disease burden and require effective treatments. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities and phytochemical contents of extracts, obtained from eight medicinal plants used by Aboriginal people of New South Wales, Australia, for the treatment of skin related ailments, were assessed to add value to and provide an evidence-base for their traditional uses. Extracts of Acacia implexa, Acacia falcata, Cassytha glabella, Eucalyptus haemastoma, Smilax glyciphylla, Sterculia quadrifida, and Syncarpia glomulifera were evaluated. All extracts except that of S. quadrifida showed activity against sensitive and multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 7.81 to 1000 μg/mL. The sap of E. haemastoma and bark of A. implexa possessed high total phenolic contents (TPC) and strong DPPH radical scavenging abilities. A positive correlation was observed between TPC and free radical scavenging ability. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extract of S. glomulifera identified known antimicrobial compounds. Together, these results support the traditional uses of the examined plants for the treatment of skin related ailments and infections by Aboriginal people of New South Wales, Australia.

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The Rhoton Collection.

The Rhoton Collection.

J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2016 Aug;77(4):294-6

Authors: Sorenson J

PMID: 27478757 [PubMed]

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Dr. Al Rhoton, Jr.: Friend, Mentor, and Colleague.

Dr. Al Rhoton, Jr.: Friend, Mentor, and Colleague.

J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2016 Aug;77(4):291-3

Authors: Robertson JH

PMID: 27478756 [PubMed]

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Prof. Rhoton: Master and Mentor.

Prof. Rhoton: Master and Mentor.

J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2016 Aug;77(4):288-90

Authors: Fernandez-Miranda JC

PMID: 27478755 [PubMed]

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Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., M.D., 1932-2016.

Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., M.D., 1932-2016.

J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2016 Aug;77(4):283-5

Authors: Link MJ, Graffeo CS

PMID: 27478754 [PubMed]

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North American Skull Base Society 26th Annual Meeting: Innovation and Creativity in Skull Base Surgery.

North American Skull Base Society 26th Annual Meeting: Innovation and Creativity in Skull Base Surgery.

J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2016 Aug;77(4):279-82

Authors: Snyderman C

PMID: 27478753 [PubMed]

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Systemic Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with a Case of Jugular Paraganglioma.

Systemic Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with a Case of Jugular Paraganglioma.

Intern Med. 2016;55(15):2105-8

Authors: Sokabe A, Mizooka M, Sakemi R, Kobayashi T, Kishikawa N, Yokobayashi K, Kanno K, Tazuma S

Abstract
Jugular paraganlioma is a benign, slow-growing tumor originating from the paraganglion cells and it is associated with catecholamine secretion. Paragangliomas can secrete Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and present as a systemic inflammatory syndrome; these characteristics have not been previously associated with jugular paragangliomas. A 63-year-old man with a jugular tumor in the skull base was referred to our hospital for an evaluation of pyrexia, back pain, and acute inflammation. His serum IL-6 level was elevated on admission and it decreased after radiotherapy. This is the first known case of a jugular paraganglioma exhibiting systemic inflammatory syndrome.

PMID: 27477424 [PubMed - in process]

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[The Base of the Skull. Rudolf Virchow between Pathology and Anthropology].

[The Base of the Skull. Rudolf Virchow between Pathology and Anthropology].

Medizinhist J. 2016;51(2):92-123

Authors: Seemann S

Abstract
Throughout his scientific career, the pathologist and anthropologist Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) examined countless skulls, gradually changing his perspective on this object of research. Initially, he was mainly concerned with pathologically deformed skulls. From the 1850s onwards, he gradually developed a more anthropological approach, and anthropology increasingly came to dominate his scientific interest. This article shows how different influences became central for the establishment of his specific and dynamic model of the human skull development and its successful application in anthropology. Crucial for this process were Virchow's collaboration with his teacher Robert Froriep (1804-1861) in the department of pathology of the Charité, his research on cretinism and rickets, as well as his description of the base of the skull as the center of skull development. His research work was attended by and showed a reciprocal interaction with the buildup of large skull collections. This article uses Virchow's original publications on skull pathology as well as his still preserved skull specimens from the collection of the Berlin Museum of Medical History at the Charité for an integrated text and object based analysis.

PMID: 27476256 [PubMed - in process]

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Discovery and characterization of a peptide that enhances endosomal escape of delivered proteins in vitro and in vivo.

Related Articles

Discovery and characterization of a peptide that enhances endosomal escape of delivered proteins in vitro and in vivo.

J Am Chem Soc. 2015 Nov 11;137(44):14084-93

Authors: Li M, Tao Y, Shu Y, LaRochelle JR, Steinauer A, Thompson D, Schepartz A, Chen ZY, Liu DR

Abstract
The inefficient delivery of proteins into mammalian cells remains a major barrier to realizing the therapeutic potential of many proteins. We and others have previously shown that superpositively charged proteins are efficiently endocytosed and can bring associated proteins and nucleic acids into cells. The vast majority of cargo delivered in this manner, however, remains in endosomes and does not reach the cytosol. In this study we designed and implemented a screen to discover peptides that enhance the endosomal escape of proteins fused to superpositively charged GFP (+36 GFP). From a screen of peptides previously reported to disrupt microbial membranes without known mammalian cell toxicity, we discovered a 13-residue peptide, aurein 1.2, that substantially increases cytosolic protein delivery by up to ∼5-fold in a cytosolic fractionation assay in cultured cells. Four additional independent assays for nonendosomal protein delivery collectively suggest that aurein 1.2 enhances endosomal escape of associated endocytosed protein cargo. Structure-function studies clarified peptide sequence and protein conjugation requirements for endosomal escape activity. When applied to the in vivo delivery of +36 GFP-Cre recombinase fusions into the inner ear of live mice, fusion with aurein 1.2 dramatically increased nonendosomal Cre recombinase delivery potency, resulting in up to 100% recombined inner hair cells and 96% recombined outer hair cells, compared to 0-4% recombined hair cells from +36-GFP-Cre without aurein 1.2. Collectively, these findings describe a genetically encodable, endosome escape-enhancing peptide that can substantially increase the cytoplasmic delivery of cationic proteins in vitro and in vivo.

PMID: 26465072 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Reviewer acknowledgement 2015

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Eastbridge – Sports Betting Service For High Rollers!

Despite a significant track record in the betting industry, the Ole Group may not be a name many of you are familiar with. It is in fact the leading Asian football brokerage and has been for over 10 years.

The group deals with all the biggest syndicates in the world and services many full-time professional traders.

If you are a high roller who bets big, then the platforms offered by Ole Group will certainly be of interest to you. Prices are comparable with the likes of Pinnacle but without the stake limitations so often seen there.

Customers can also benefit from a trusted method of accessing the secret world (for many of us) of the low margin Asian bookmaker platforms.

Lending me a helping hand to reveal all is Savak Limbuwala, Head of Marketing and Operations for the European arm of Ole Group.
 
 

Savak, welcome to Soccerwidow. Let's talk firstly about the newest of Ole Group's operations, Eastbridge, which is a free-to use, no restrictions sports betting service.

Hello Robert, yes, Eastbridge has been around for two years now and for UK residents operates in a similar manner to Pinnacle, laying bets directly, and managing markets with low margins in order to offer best prices to our customers. We specialise in Football, Tennis and US Sports, which is where we can offer best prices and substantial, pooled liquidity.

 

Is it fair to say that Eastbridge is not for the average punter?

Yes, Eastbridge is a phone and Skype service for professional punters, syndicate groups, high rollers, and high net worth clients. Our customers deposit funds in the normal way through bank transfer, card or e-wallet but contact us personally to strike their bets.

We hold a UK license, which is good news for our European and UK clientele looking to fill the void left by Pinnacle's withdrawals from certain territories over the last twelve months.

Winning clients are not restricted and our service is entirely free to use and we have no minimum turnover thresholds. In fact, we believe we are currently the only licensed operation like this available to UK residents.

 

What exactly do you mean by 'high rollers'?

Well, there is no practical reason why a client cannot have a seven or eight figure bank. There is no maximum withdrawal amount either, although clients moving larger funds tend to do so in multiple smaller tranches. Obviously, we cannot control the charges they may incur from their own banking arrangements for deposits or withdrawals but there are no hidden charges made from our side.

 

If you are a 'broker' and receive no commissions or fees from your customers, how does the business model work?

For UK clients we operate like a traditional bookmaker, laying the bets ourselves and therefore profit as any normal UK bookmaker would, although our margins are very small to maintain the high prices we are able to offer.

In relation to clients from outside the UK we are a broker to the Asian books we support and our income is in the form of rebates on turnover, again very small in percentage terms, but received regardless of their profits or losses. And because we deal with several big Asian books, our eggs are not all in one basket.

 

Which sports do you specialise in?

Using Asian books means we are especially sharp on the Asian Handicap, Total Goals and Corner markets in soccer betting. Tennis markets are also very strong. The full range of US sports is also well serviced such as basketball, baseball and American football, but understandably, we cannot cater for customers from North American territories.

 

And I've heard that you also offer free business-to-business solutions?

Our API service is the fastest and most reliable aggregated feed available in the market and is available to non-UK/US clients. Again, we offer this for free to companies due to the turnover rebates paid from the books we support. In this way, I believe we cater for a wider range of client and offer a broader suite of solutions than any of our competitors.

 

And that brings us on nicely to two more of your services, Vodds and Mollybet. What's the deal here?

Vodds.com is our own brand new online Football betting platform, like any traditional bookmaker's but the difference being that it is once again based on the brokerage model funded by rebates from the bookies concerned.

The odds available are aggregated from currently eight Asian books including Pinnacle and SBOBET.

Effectively, it's a one-stop shop for placing bigger stakes than you would perhaps be limited to using just one of these bookmakers at a time. It's also a one wallet solution and includes full-time and half-time 1×2 betting options. Many of our Eastbridge clients also use Vodds for their smaller scale betting.

 

Do you mean this is the equivalent of any online bookmaker as far as the punter is concerned?

Yes, the only difference is that your stake will either be matched to one bookmaker taking the whole line or several bookmakers each taking a percentage of the risk. The pooled liquidity here should still satisfy clients with four or five figure stake requirements and upwards.

 

Click on the images below to enlarge them in a new tab:

Norway Tippeligaen: Stabaek vs. Brann – £10k Stake Accepted on Brann Within Seconds

£10k Stake Aggregated Between Three Bookmakers (Pinnacle, GA288 and Crown) at Odds of 3.171. In Comparison, Highest Odds at Oddsportal were 3.15

 

Apart from Pinnacle and SBOBET, the majority of gamblers are going to be unfamiliar with the 'dark and mysterious' world of Asian bookmakers.
Who are they exactly? Why should punters trust them?

There is no real reason not to, many of them are larger than most European books and all are licensed in Asia. For example, Crown, Bet-IBC, LX168, GA288, BetISN, and SBC to name but a few. They are trustworthy because ultimately our customers are dealing through us to get to their products. We are the main European broker for these companies.

 

And what about Mollybet?

Mollybet is a third party platform similar in nature to Vodds. Again, we are a broker for this facility. This platform also offers Tennis and US Sports, as well as Football.

 

Savak, thanks very much for your time and I'm sure many of our readers will be interested to investigate Eastbridge, Vodds and Mollybet further.

Thanks for yours, Robert. Our various helplines are always open to field any enquiries about the mechanics of our operations.

 

So, in summary:

• Eastbridge: Phone and Skype betting service/brokerage for high roller clients offering best prices, unequalled liquidity, no restrictions, and all absolutely free of charge.

>>> visit eastbridge

• Vodds: Online betting platform accessing Pinnacle, SBOBET and a range of difficult to reach Asian bookmakers offering high odds, high liquidity, and again free to use.
• Mollybet: Access to a second Asian bookmaker brokerage platform as an alternative to Vodds; free of charges.

By all means leave any feedback about using these services in the comments box at the bottom of this article.

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Fundamentals of Sports Betting – The most valuable book about betting you will ever buy

We are very pleased that the 2nd edition of our comprehensive betting course Fundamentals of Sports Betting (Betting on Over/Under 'X' Goals) is now available for sale. It incorporates four more years of research and development and replaces our old flagship version.

Do you know how bookmakers set their odds? We do! And we will happily teach you too!

Image: Cartoonresource (Shutterstock)

the upgrades at a glance

The 2nd edition is not just a 'revised' version, it is a total overhaul answering many questions raised by our original audience such as deviations and correction factors, which are explained in great detail.

The updated version is now a hefty document at 169 pages and almost 40,000 words, three times the length of the first course.

One enormous enhancement is that in this new version, we actually give away two proven methods of bet selection, making it as easy as possible to spot candidates for successful value betting portfolios.

Another substantial upgrade is that buyers of the 2nd edition will now automatically get the current, up-to-date German Bundesliga cluster table supplied with the course. In addition, you will find a discount code within the course enabling you to download for free the German Bundesliga sheet in future seasons, meaning that you will always have access to the most current Bundesliga cluster table, forever: it doesn't matter when you bought the course.

What Customers Say

Attila

The course is really very well done! Concentrated expertise that cannot be found anywhere else.

Socrates

Finally an unbiased contribution to football betting, which goes beyond a simple description of betting options and also explains bookmaker calculations as well as betting odds formation in detail.

What really surprised me is how easy it actually is to calculate odds and even predict Betfair market prices to find value bets. However, I will still need a long time to work through the entire course, but now I have some guidance about how to change my betting behaviour.

Onheimlech

Hello Soccerwidow,

Your course is written very well. My bet portfolio now considers mathematical formulas and somehow I like this.

It is amazing to see how close my own calculated odds come to the actual odds for different bookmakers. Without your course I wouldn't be able to find value.

André

I just working through the Over/Under X Goals course.

The examples described are simply fabulous. When I look back and see what I have previously evaluated and what is recommended by you – they are worlds if not galaxies apart.

Marcel Brand

Dear Soccerwidow,

Firstly many thanks for the great Over/Under Goals course. I would already personally call myself an advanced bettor, but your course has brought me further forwards, especially in the topic of cluster grouping.

Pete

Just bought your guide, and learned a lot. Many, many thanks! I can recommend it.
Worth every penny!

Ian

I've just purchased the Over/Under course and Value Bet detector. They are both excellent products and bring together all the knowledge that I have accumulated over a few decades.

Unfortunately, it has taken me this long to figure out the simple fact that value bets + staking plan = steady profits

Janice

When I bought your course I was completely overawed by it and didn't read it properly for a couple of months – in fact I stopped betting altogether…

But when I had nothing to do one day I re-opened it, gradually overcame my fear, and began making some satisfying progress.

The exercises and questions really are a great idea and help to commit the concepts to memory, and having the answers provided at the back of the book is hugely reassuring, especially when you get them right.

>>> product specifics

what level of education does the course provide?

The course Fundamentals of Sports Betting – Over/Under 'X' Goals explains statistical applications required to calculate odds and find value in the market.

All the concepts explained apply basic maths, financial management, quantitative analysis, and statistics to football betting.

The course reinterprets maths covered in A-levels at school (such as analysing graphs, calculating the mean, etc.), and also introduces some statistics from the first year of university studies (e.g. standard deviation).

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Frequently Asked Questions – Fundamentals of Sports Betting Course

Here are the most frequent questions asked by our readers and customers about the course. If you can't find an answer to your particular question, then please free to ask us using the comments section at the bottom of this page. We usually reply within 24 hours.

These FAQ's refer to the: Fundamentals of Sports Betting course.

Click on the arrows to reveal the answers.

Popular Questions

What's the point of calculating odds yourself?

This is a very, very popular question and is answered in a dedicated article: Are Betting Odds Worthwhile Calculating? Are Betting Odds Always Fair?

Am I correct in assuming that you don't use the usual criteria that 98% of 'hobby punters' employ when forming their opinions? I mean the last 6 games, the H2H stats, team news, etc.

Are your parameters different from the usual bog-standard criteria?

Yes, absolutely. The gambling industry as a whole relies to a large extent on the ignorance of its customers.

This course is designed to give the reader the essential, fundamental knowledge necessary to understand the bookmaker market.

We teach descriptive statistics and the reader learns how to look at data sets, calculate own probabilities and odds, analyse the market odds on offer, and make informed decisions when predicting football results.

Many false beliefs that the majority of gamblers and fans of football have about betting will be exposed and stripped away.

If team news, injuries, suspensions, recent form, etc. would have any relevance to setting odds how would bookmakers, who publish their prices weeks in advance, stay in business?

Will the course help identify value in-play?

With respect to in-play value the course is very helpful as you can apply the knowledge of calculating probabilities to both the half-time and full-time goals market.

Then you can choose, for example, matches with a high probability to score during the first half. These matches you can back, say Over 2.5 goals before kick-off, and lay them as soon as the first goal has been scored.

We are going to address this in more detail in an article to follow.

Can odds be calculated for Over 1.5 and Over 2.5 using this course?

Yes, the odds for all Over and Under options can be calculated using this course including Total Goals.

The course is about the German Bundesliga. Why not the EPL?

Yes, we are fully aware that the majority of our readers are far more interested in the EPL than the Bundesliga, but the problem is that the average punter is very influenced by his/her opinion and 'knowledge' about their own supported league.

It was therefore important to choose a more neutral league for the course, one where gut feelings and emotions are less strong. It had to be a league which is also well known, with plenty of bookmakers offering odds, and at the same time one where the majority of our English speaking audience is unlikely to connect emotionally.

Thus, the Bundesliga it is!

Are the principles and analytical techniques in this course transferable to other European football leagues?

Absolutely! The principles and techniques are transferable to any football league worldwide.

Product-Related Questions

Is it correct to say that the course is exclusively for the Over/Under Goals market or are the skills learned from it transferable to other bet types, such as 1×2 betting or Asian Handicap?

Yes, that is correct. Fundamentals of Sports Betting – Over/Under 'X' Goals is the first of a series of books educating the 'Fundamentals of Sports Betting'.

There are more topics planned such as 'Betting on Home, Draw, Away', 'Asian Handicap', or 'Betting In-Play', and so on. Of course, it will take a while until all of these books have been written and published, but we reassure you that more course books are on their way.

For the first volume we have chosen the Over/Under goal market because this is the easiest betting market to teach statistics and maths without the need to dive any further into much more advanced formulas and concepts. You will need a basic grounding before moving on to more complex calculations for bet types with multiple options such as 1×2, HT/FT and the Correct Score market.

The course explains everything using European odds. Can I get the course with fractional odds?

Sorry, but we don't offer the course in any other odds format than European odds.

The majority of calculations are carried out using probabilities (percentages) and these can easily be converted into fractional odds, or any other odds format. See our article here: Understanding Betting Odds – Moneyline, Fractional Odds, Decimal Odds, Hong Kong Odds, IN Odds, MA Odds

The automated Excel file sounds particularly interesting. What exactly is automated?

The tables in the Excel file are fully automated. Just select a team from the list in the 'Betting Tables' tab (cells B3 to E3) and every calculation in the workbook will update automatically to those of that team's stats. How this works exactly and what the numbers mean is explained in greater detail in the course.

Is the course only available as a PDF or can I get a printed version like the one shown on the advert?

The PDF has been professionally optimised for double-sided printing. Just print your book in full-colour with a cover and add a binding of your choice.

>>> preview the ebook

Purchase Questions

There is a heading "Value Betting using the Value Calculator". Does that mean that I will receive the Value Calculator (VC) for free when I buy the course?

You don't need the Value Calculator to understand the course, therefore the VC is not supplied with the course.

When we refer to the 'Value Calculator' we explain how it works and what the calculations mean in terms of Over/Under bets. Of course, the VC also contains a wide range of other bet types such as FT and HT 1×2, Correct Scores, HT/FT, and many more. The goal of the course is to enable the learner to create his/her own Excel application which works for him/her. Empowering learners to think for themselves is one of our ethics.

Having worked through the course you should be able to build a Value Calculator yourself, if your Excel skills are good enough.

If I purchase the course, what else do I get?

The course comes in an electronic format and the bundle includes the course book (PDF) and a Bundesliga cluster table (Excel), which the examples are based upon.

In addition, you will receive for free the very latest Bundesliga table for the current season (valued at £27.50).

Within the course you will find a discount code enabling you to download for free the German Bundesliga sheet in future seasons, meaning that you will always have access to the most current Bundesliga cluster table, forever: it doesn't matter when you bought the course.

Could you tell me where I can buy the Value Calculator if I can't build one myself?

Here's a link to the sales page: True Odds & Value Detector: League Games with H2H History

Ordering & Delivery

How can I pay for the course? I have neither a PayPal account nor a credit card.

Details of alternative payment options can be found here: Payment Options. They include Skrill (Moneybookers), Neteller and bank transfer (EFT).

What is the price equivalence in USD?

To find out the exchange rate please follow this link to Google, which gives you the exchange rate of the day.

I live in Hungary; if I understand you correctly, the purchase price is therefore £79.00 * 1.27 = £100.33. Is that right?

Yes, this is correct. Soccerwidow Ltd is obliged in accordance with applicable law to charge Value Added Tax (VAT) on sales of digital products and services to customers within the European Union (EU).

The VAT rate applied to these products and services is based on the location of the customer. See the current EU VAT Rates.

When will my credit card be charged?

Your credit card will be charged at the time your order is placed.

Is it safe to use my credit card on your site?

Yes, it is safe.

For processing orders we use the services of GetDPD which is a fully PCI Compliant Service Provider. During the checkout process you will be offered to choose payment by Paypal or credit card.

If you choose credit card, then the platform integrated with GetDPD is Stripe; here is their security documentation.

Can I cancel my order?

As long as you have not paid there is no order. You can always return to your shopping cart and simply delete any items you don't wish to see in your shopping cart.

However, once you have paid you will get the product download link delivered immediately to your inbox. As long as you don't download the course and cluster tables you have a cancellation period of 14 days and the right of a full return. Otherwise, once downloaded, there are no returns for digital content.

If you have made a genuine mistake, it's worth contacting us to see if you can get a refund. Normally, we will offer an exchange for another product or supply a discount code for future purchases.

How long will it take my order to arrive?

As soon as you have paid you will get the product download link delivered immediately to your inbox.

You will receive an email from GetDPD, our digital delivery partner.

Should your download link not arrive within 10 minutes after purchasing, please check your spam folder. We do sometimes receive reports from our clients that GetDPD emails land there occasionally. You can play it safe and allow within your email program emails with the endings: digitalproductdelivery.com (GetDPD) and soccerwidow.com (us).

'Allowing' communications from digitalproductdelivery.com and soccerwidow.com is actually quite important because we do upgrade products from time to time and you certainly don't want to miss the free download link we will send out to buyers.

>>> product specifics

Trouble-shooting

When filling out my address details in the shopping cart order form, the field 'State/Province' is mandatory. I cannot see states or provinces from my country.

Try pressing the F5 button to refresh your screen. Failing that, clear your cache and refresh again. If the problem persists, please contact us.

I purchased your book but I have not received the download link for the item.

Please check your Spam folder; sometimes our automated emails from GetDPD appear there. If you can't find it please email to support[at]soccerwidow[dot]com, and we will get it sorted.

My download link has expired. Is a reactivation possible?

The download time limit is set to two weeks from the moment you purchase. The reason being that customers have a cancellation period of 14 days with the right of a full return as long as they haven't downloaded the product within this period.

Therefore, if you have not downloaded your product, after a period of two weeks has expired you can either apply for a refund or send an email to support[at]soccerwidow[dot]com for a link reactivation.

However, we sometimes get reports that the download link was received straight away but after opening it, a message appears stating that the download is 'expired'. This is usually a problem associated with your browser. Please clean your cache and press the F5 button to refresh the screen.

Another request we occasionally receive is from buyers who have lost their original product or forgotten to download it, and then many months later wish to reactivate the download link. We are really sorry, but our grace period is 6 months only. After this time a fee of £10 will be charged for us to trace you in the system and manually reactivate the purchase.

Support Questions

I am having trouble at the beginning of the course. I don't know how to calculate answers to some of the exercises.

Although this is a beginner's course aimed at people with little odds calculation knowledge and basic Excel skills, it may be quite hard for those who have always found maths quite a challenge at school. Just take your time, read each chapter several times, repeat the practice areas, solve all the exercises, try to understand everything. You will be rewarded with knowledge.

To keep it simple, the course contains no shortcuts. All calculations need to be done manually. Once you master the course and understand everything you will certainly develop a method to make it easier for yourself.

All formulas are given in the course either in the chapter of the exercise, or at the end of the book together with the solutions of the exercises.

If you need help, you are welcome to ask specific questions here on this FAQ page.

Regarding the historical odds you've used to calculate the Home/Away quotient – Are these the opening odds of the bookmakers or the odds after adjusting to market conditions?

The course uses football-data.co.uk data. These odds are taken on Friday evenings before the weekend games, and on Monday evenings for the midweek games.

Our approach is to have plenty of time to do all the calculations and make decisions, and totally remove the need to sit in front of the computer just before a game starts. There are loved ones to share time with and lots of other nice things to do than spend time in front of a computer on a Saturday or Sunday morning.

Anyway, if you wish to use opening odds then you would have to adjust the tables accordingly. However, even if the clusters move slightly, there really shouldn't be too much of a movement because odds don't change so much that they significantly affect the HO/AO quotient. To play it safe, for fast moving odds you can always use two adjoining clusters when calculating odds.

You describe in the course two different methods to find value bets. Is it true that there are only two options to calculate value? The Value Calculator method and the Cluster Table method?

The course explains two different approaches to find value bets:
(1) Value Calculator
(2) Cluster grouping with HO/AO quotient

In reality, there are many more than just these two methods. However, these two are perfectly adequate, and they both work.

There is nothing wrong with admiring complexity, but solutions should be sought in simplicity. The course provides "simple" answers.

Can I e-mail you with any questions I might have about the course?

Please always ask any questions via the comment functions at the bottom of any article in this blog. You will receive our answer submitted directly to your inbox, with no need for continuous checking. Or see our Contact Us page for more information.

How do I get support?

You can ask questions via the comment functions in any articles on this site. We normally reply within a few hours. The answer will be submitted to your inbox.

In addition, if you subscribe to a post which interests you, then you will also receive questions and replies other readers have posted on the same article, and of course, our replies too.

Ethical Questions

How much do you earn based on your theories? Do you have any statistics for your betting history?

We simply don't have any 'theories'. We educate the public about bookmaker maths – bookmakers certainly don't grow their businesses based purely on 'theories'.

Regarding how much we earn: Sorry to disappoint, but we don't like to brag about our personal successes – there are far too many websites already blinding their readers with such information. However, we have published results of our past value betting exploits located in our match preview archive. Here you will find plenty of articles with previews, maths and statistics, and this particular article is also worth pointing out:

Soccerwidow's Value Betting Results: 274 Bets, from 07/12/2011 to 30/06/2012

2011-12 was a time when we were writing match previews for Betfair Germany based on our 'theories'. Unfortunately for our growing band of followers Betfair withdrew from the German market in October 2012, and our match previews stopped. Why?

Because we lost our client (Betfair) who paid us for match previews.

Why didn't we just simply continue publishing match previews on Soccerwidow?

Time limitations, mainly. Writing a single match preview, including all the necessary calculations, takes up to 6 hours. People love reading match previews but they are somewhat reluctant to pay for them…

I keep asking myself if your 'system' works so well, why don't you earn your own money with it instead of selling it?

This is a question that probably interests many readers and it appears in the blog every now and then.

Firstly, the course is not a 'system'. It is a 'simple' maths book (at least for us). A little statistics, a little probability theory, a little about standard deviations, etc. This is what odds compilers do in their sleep when they calculate their odds.

Secondly, there are enough people who teach financial analysis without ever trading professionally in shares. If every professionally trained person would trade, then there wouldn't be any teachers. And if nobody wanted to teach, what then?

Thirdly, a day has only 24 hours and we too sometimes have to sleep. We run two websites (Soccerwidow and Fussballwitwe). Running these blogs takes an enormous amount of time. Everybody has to make a decision what they want to do in life… We run websites, write courses and develop betting tools. When we have time, we occasionally place a bet or two, but that's our personal business – betting itself is purely a hobby for us.

In the betting business, in order to win, somebody must lose. Do you consider the moral side of betting, or is it just a numbers game?

The moral side is a very good question…

The intention of this blog is to educate people about gambling. Indeed, to teach them everything they need to know about gambling because our strong belief is that the more educated people are, the more informed decisions they will make.

We truly believe that people who buy our products and read our articles will eventually follow one of two paths:

(1) they will become far more successful punters (winners) than they were, or
(2) they will reduce their betting habit or stop it altogether. There are many qualities required to be a successful bettor and unfortunately, not everyone has them or can/will ever attain them.

If we can point you down either road then this is the achievement we are looking for. It's our own way of fighting gambling addiction; we help people to better themselves and succeed, or to face facts and shed their habit to save money and free time for family and friends.

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Sports Betting Course – Over/Under Goals – Product Specifics

Fundamentals of Sports Betting (Betting on Over/Under 'X' Goals) is unlike any other book you will find elsewhere. It contains insights into how mathematics and statistics are applied to bookmaking, information that is rarely (if at all) found in the public domain.

Have you ever wondered how bookmakers set their odds? They must be pretty good at it to remain trading in a high risk industry built on small margins!

Remember folks it's all about finding the "edge".

Image: Cartoonresource (Shutterstock)

It is common knowledge that the gambling industry as a whole relies to a large extent on the ignorance of its customers and, only by understanding how bookmakers think and act, will you ever be able to compete with them on a level playing field.

A Unique, "Hands On" Course Without Equal!

This course is designed to give you the essential, fundamental knowledge necessary to understand odds calculation and the bookmaker market.

It deals with relatively simple descriptive statistics and teaches you how to look at data sets, calculate your own probabilities and odds, analyse the market odds on offer, and make informed decisions when predicting football results.

Amongst the topics you will work through are distributions, deviations, graphs and charts, odds calculation, financial terminologies, risk management, and of course, how to identify 'value' in the betting market.

You will gain a deep understanding of the many different elements required to understand the bookmaker market and odds calculation. Many false beliefs that the majority of gamblers and fans of football have about betting will be exposed and stripped away.

Readers will also be enlightened to learn about how odds are set in the market, where to find 'errors' in market prices, how to evaluate data and graphs, and much, much more.

What Do You Get For The Money?

The course comes in electronic format and the bundle includes the course book (PDF*) and a Bundesliga cluster table (Excel) for studying. This course employs a didactic method of teaching, which is an educational technique. It is a very structured style of learning and as such, each section of the course should be mastered before moving on to the next.

To further encourage you to learn, there is a plethora of exercises to practice what you have learned, and the solutions to the exercises are found at the end of the book, sometimes embellished with further explanations.

All of the course lessons are presented in a pragmatic, easy-to-follow, step-by-step fashion, with no more than passing respect towards the sport of football and the passion of its fans. After all, this book has been written by a lady who loves maths but dislikes football…!

In addition, you will receive the very latest Bundesliga table for the current season (valued at £27.50), so that you can put into practice what you have learned and within the course, you will find a discount code enabling you to download for free the German Bundesliga sheet in future seasons, meaning that you will always have access to the most current Bundesliga cluster table, forever: it doesn't matter when you bought the course.

*By the way, the PDF is a professionally formatted document and if you have a double-sided printer you can print your own book for studying.

Fundamentals of Sports Betting
Course with Betting Tables for the German Bundesliga
Over/Under 'X' Goals

PRODUCT SUMMARY

• Format: PDF & XLS
• Download Size: Course (PDF): 27 MB & Excel file: 782 KB
• Publisher: Soccerwidow Ltd; 2nd Edition (July 2016)
• Pages: 169 (almost 38,000 words)
• Tables and graphs: 70
• Example tasks: more than 80 (with solutions)
• Language: ENGLISH

Only £79.00*

* 0% VAT to UK customers, 0% VAT to Non-EU customers     Read more: EU VAT Legislation    

>>> frequently asked questions

…or ask any questions in the comment section below.

PDF document professionally styled for easy reading and printing

For traditionalists, the PDF has been professionally formatted for double-sided printing. If you like, you can print your book in full-colour with a cover and add slick spiral binding.

Those who prefer to read the document on their computers will find the chosen font (Myriad Pro) easy to read on the screen. Myriad Pro has a clean sans-serif aesthetic which makes it highly accessible.

The electronic version also contains a plethora of easy-to-navigate links to help the learner find his way around the document.

Contents at a Glance

Section A: Basic Knowledge

Probability, Betting Odds, Value, Yield, Profitability

Basic Statistical Terminology

• Goal Distribution and Percentage Calculation
• Deviation from the Mean
• Standard Deviation – The Main Measure of Variability
• Precision, Trueness and Accuracy

Betting Odds Calculation

• Probability and Betting Odds
• Opening Betting Odds Range
• Calculation of 'Zero' (Fair) Odds

Risk Management Control

• Financial Terms: Yield, ROI and Profitability
• Risk Forecasting and Evaluation: Value of a Trade (Bet)
• Preventative Measures: Setting the Starting Bank

Section B: Developing a Betting Strategy

Market Dynamics, Cluster Groups and Betting Tables

Market Dynamics

• Betting Odds are Prices of Bets
• Falling Odds represent Price Increase
• Bookmakers adjust Betting Odds to Public Opinions

Building of Cluster Groups

• What are Cluster Groups?
• Clustering Depending on 'Strength' of the Team

Betting Tables: Over/Under 'X' Goals

• Goal Distribution by Team
• Team Calculation Tables
• Standard Deviation Tables
• Using Calculation Tables to Determine Betting Odds

Finding Value Bets

• Everything that Glitters is not Gold
• Method I: Value Betting using Cluster Group Tables
• Method II: Value Betting using the Value Calculator
• Cluster Groups, Value Calculator and Bets Identification

>>> preview the ebook

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1×2 Betting: 2016-17 Profit/Loss Simulation Tables

Buy the 4th Generation of HDAFU Tables

Soccerwidow's Home-Draw-Away-Favourite-Underdog simulation tables are a revolutionary way of looking at a large data set to immediately see profitable 1×2 areas, enabling you to filter the results for precision betting.

The traditional home, draw, away Profit/Loss simulations are supplemented by a complete overview of the favourite and underdog markets, plus separate tables for the favourite playing at home or away and the underdog playing at home or away. The tables also include visualisations of inflection points, a very powerful tool for finding consistently profitable segments.

This unique product also breaks down results into odds clusters and odds ratios. There are more than 100 different simulations per league, providing clear guidance for what to back or lay, and what to avoid.

Winter Leagues 2011-16 – FULL-TIME (FT) – Excel.XLSX:
EPL, France 1, Germany BL1, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Australia, +8 moreEngland Premier League – 1,900 matches – 13/08/2011 to 17/05/2016 (2.7 MB)France Ligue 1 – 1,899 matches – 06/08/2011 to 14/05/2016 (2.7 MB)Germany Bundesliga 1 – 1,530 matches – 05/08/2011 to 14/05/2016 (2.3 MB)Italy Serie A – 1,899 matches – 09/09/2011 to 15/05/2016 (2.7 MB)Netherlands Eredivisie – 1,530 matches – 05/08/2011 to 08/05/2016 (2.3 MB)Spain La Liga Primera – 1,900 matches – 27/08/2011 to 15/05/2016 (2.7 MB)Australia A-League – 675 matches – 08/10/2011 to 10/04/2016 (1.35 MB)France Ligue 2 – 1,900 matches – 29/07/2011 to 13/05/2016 (2.65 MB)Austria Bundesliga – 899 matches – 16/07/2011 to 15/05/2016 (1.55 MB)Belgium Jupiler Pro League – 1,200 matches – 29/07/2011 to 13/03/2016 (1.88 MB)Denmark Superligaen – 987 matches – 16/07/2011 to 29/05/2016 (1.65 MB)Poland Ekstraklasa – 1,199 matches – 29/07/2011 to 09/04/2016 (1.89 MB)Russia Premier League – 1,197 matches – 12/03/2011 to 21/05/2016 (1.89 MB)Portugal Primeira Liga – 1,332 matches – 12/08/2011 to 15/05/2016 (2.04 MB)Switzerland Super League – 881 matches – 16/07/2011 to 25/05/2016 (1.53 MB)

Summer Leagues 2011-15 – FULL-TIME (FT) – Excel.XLSX:
Brazil, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, U.S.A. Brazil Serie A – 1900 matches – 21/05/2011 to 06/12/2015 (3.76 MB)Finland Veikkausliiga – 990 matches – 02/05/2011 to 25/10/2015 (2.25 MB)Iceland Urvalsdeild – 660 matches – 02/05/2011 to 03/10/2015 (1.72 MB)Ireland Premier League – 953 matches – 04/03/2011 to 30/10/2015 (2.19 MB)Japan J-League A – 1530 matches – 05/03/2011 to 22/11/2015 (3.15 MB)Norway Tippeligaen – 1200 matches – 18/03/2011 to 08/11/2015 (2.59 MB)Singapore S-League – 748 matches – 12/02/2011 to 21/11/2015 (1.86 MB)Sweden Allsvenskan – 1198 matches – 02/04/2011 to 31/10/2015 (2.61 MB)U.S.A. Major League Soccer – 1615 matches – 16/03/2011 to 25/10/2015 (3.25 MB)

PRICE: £ 24.90 PER HDAFU SIMULATION TABLE

Prices are net prices ex VAT (Value Added Tax).
VAT will be added on the checkout page according to your country location.

Soccerwidow Ltd is obliged, in accordance with applicable law, to charge VAT
on sales of digital products and services to customers within the European Union (EU).
Read more: EU VAT Information

The following discounts apply for multiple purchases:
Buy 3 tables = 15% Discount (coupon code: HDA15)
Buy 5 tables = 20% Discount (coupon code: HDA20)
Buy 6 or more tables = 25% Discount (coupon code: HDA25)

Please contact us (sales[at]soccerwidow[dot]com) should you have any questions regarding checkout and payment. For further clarification about the HDAFU tables please use the comment function below.

Should any of the above codes not work for any reason (It's Javascript and some browsers may prevent the lightbox opening) please use the basic version of the cart to purchase your HDAFU Simulation Tables

The tables for sale are in Excel .XLSX format. Should you require a different format,
please feel free to get in touch with us by email.

Screenshots from the EPL HDA Simulation Table

2011-16 - EPL Simulation - Inflection Points Underdog

Profit/loss areas where market dynamics provide advantages to the knowledgeable punter

2011-16 - EPL Simulation - Quick Stats

Distribution overview of home wins, draws, away wins, favourite and underdog wins

2011-16 - EPL Simulation - Team playing Away

Profit/Loss simulations for backing a chosen team; here the away wins

2011-16 - EPL Simulation - by Odds Clusters

Calculation P/L by odds; this screenshot shows Backing the Away Underdog

The Power of the Home, Draw, Away, Favourite and Underdog Simulation Tables

Each table contains the following Profit/Loss simulations for backing Home wins, Draws, Away wins, Favourite and Underdog betting:

• from an Individual Team perspective (when playing at home or, playing away)
• by Odds Clusters (home odds, draw odds, away odds)
• by carefully selected Odds Ratios (favourites or underdogs at home or away, similarly matched teams, etc.)
• by Inflection Point Graphs for home, draw, away, favourite and underdog odds

Individual teams or odds clusters, which have been traditionally, intentionally, or accidentally over- or under-priced by the bookmakers will become evident and you will definitely notice patterns and opportunities for adding selections to your existing betting portfolio or when creating a new betting system.

Each workbook is interactive allowing you to insert your own Staking Levels. Tailoring further for individual needs, the tables include an Odds Toggle option for each bet type.

There are also Commission Rate Toggles allowing you to enter the level charged by your favoured betting exchange or broker.

>>> buy your hdafu tables

Frequently Asked Questions

Is there a time restriction on the usefulness of the HDAFU tables?

The tables simulate the profits and losses by betting type for the last five complete seasons if choosing the same bet type for every game of the season. Therefore, the 'natural' cut-off point is the end of the following season when the tables have to be re-calibrated.

Simulating the profit/losses when betting on the same outcome over the last five seasons, the tables show a picture of the likely (expected) distribution for the forthcoming season.

If the bettor chooses a distribution which is equally spread over the year (e.g. away underdogs in the German Bundesliga with odds between 4.0 and 17.0), then it doesn't really matter when the systematic betting starts.

The HDAFU tables are a great help at any time throughout the season to provide focus upon profitable areas within your chosen league and allow you to refine your final bet selections.

Further reading:
Probability, Expectation, Hit Rate, Value, Mathematical Advantage: Explained
Avoid Placing Bets at the Start of Season

What is the relationship between the HDAFU tables and the Value Bet Detector?

The HDAFU tables simulate profit/losses when betting systematically on one specific outcome, e.g. backing the favourite playing away. The Value Bet Detector is an odds and probability calculation tool for particular matches of interest.

Both tools originate from the time when I (Soccerwidow) wrote match previews for Betfair and needed to identify games containing value bets so that I could analyse them and publish profitable picks.

The HDAFU tables were developed as a tool to recognise clusters of matches that were far more likely to contain value bets, and thus provide me with filtered sets of matches to preview.

I often receive questions such as, "Can the HDAFU tables and the Value Calculator support each other?" or, "What is the relevance of the HDAFU tables?" or, "Which methodology is better?"

Ultimately, both products are tools for odds calculation and understanding the betting market. The Value Bet detector is an analysis tool for individual matches, the HDAFU simulation tables can also be used for systematic betting in larger numbers.

Further reading:
How do Bookmakers Tick? How & Why do they Set Their Odds as they do?
How Bookmakers' Odds Match Public Opinion

How to structure a portfolio and what is the best size for it?

"A portfolio is a package of bets where extensive analysis has determined the choices (picks)… This is an essential part of the whole betting strategy in order to reduce the risks of losing by diversifying."

Now focus on the main expressions: extensive analysis… determined choices… whole betting strategy… reduce risks… and lastly… diversifying.

Actually, there is nothing more to say. Just spend some quality thinking time on it.

It totally depends on personal preferences, on the availability of betting markets to you, on your risk awareness, your understanding of probabilities and statistics, and finally using all of this combined knowledge to make your best personal judgement, never losing sight of the fact that the bottom line is making profits.

Further reading:
Calculating Odds for League Newcomers is Unpredictable
1×2 Football Betting – How to Compile a Winning Portfolio

Are the HDAFU tables for both, back betting and lay betting?

Yes. Although the HDAFU tables directly simulate what happened from a backing perspective over the last five seasons, they are obviously reversible and provide a sound benchmark for formulating lay betting strategies.

Large positive figures and rising curves within the tables indicate promising back betting opportunities, whilst large negative falling curves point to potential lay strategies.

The HDAFU tables come with an odds toggle as well as an exchange commission toggle so that the user can adjust the base figures where necessary – This is of great importance to those wishing to accurately analyse lay strategies.

Don't forget that betting exchange odds are often 'higher' than the highest bookmaker odds and, of course, have a built-in commission surcharge levied by the exchange platform. The effects of these variables can be gauged using the toggle functions within each HDAFU table.

Further reading:
1×2 Betting System: Analysis of HDA Data and Strategy Development – LAY THE DRAW
1X2 Betting System – Staking the Underdog

Why is concentrating on bet types more profitable than betting on teams?

The answer to this question is simple psychology, which often defeats the average punter.

There are millions of people who follow one or another team. They read all the news available, discuss form, players and managers, and everything else there is to think about when a match involving "their" team is coming up.

There are plenty of "must win" situations, and even if the odds seem a little short, bets are still placed on the team they support to win the game. Both reliance on luck and a lot of hope goes into each game.

Unfortunately, gut feelings are a very wrong adviser and team news also has no relevance to the 'true odds' of a game; little wonder that there are more losing punters than winners.

The HDAFU tables help the gambler to disconnect all emotions from betting. The figures show very plainly where to concentrate when compiling a betting system portfolio for profit.

Perhaps you will prefer certain bet types, or betting within certain odds clusters, or even concentrating on away teams when the match is equally matched – the HDAFU tables reveal all this and more.

Perhaps you wish to concentrate on draws when the home, draw, or away odds (or a combination of them all) meet certain conditions? Again, the tables are sophisticated and refined enough to provide you with such detailed information.

Further reading:
Finding Betting Odds Inflection Points
Half-time Results are more Predictable than Full-time

What do you recommend to read for better understanding of the HDAFU tables?

HDAFU Tables Knowledge Base

1X2 Betting System – Staking the Underdog
How to Compile a Winning Portfolio
Finding Betting Odds Inflection Points
Odds Toggle Function

HDA Betting: Profit/Loss Simulation Tables
PRODUCT SUMMARY

• Format: Excel .XLSX (compatible with Excel 2007 and higher, LibreOffice, Google Sheets, OpenOffice, etc.)
• File Size: between 1MB and 3MB each
• Publisher: Soccerwidow Ltd; 4th revised edition
• Simulations within each Workbook: over 100
• Language: ENGLISH

By purchasing this product you agree to our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

After payment you will be redirected to download your purchased product(s). You will also receive an e-mail with a confirmation of your purchase and download link from DPD (our partner for storing and delivering of digital products) as well as from PayPal (our partner for secure payment processing).

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Customer Comment

I have recently purchased some HDA tables which I have to say are simply excellent.
They have certainly opened my eyes to areas I had never considered before.

Studying them fully will take me a while but I used some insights gained from them on a few
games at the weekend and again, I have to say that I am very impressed with the product.

Hector

>>> buy your hdafu tables

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