The possibility of inferring the properties of electron density fluctuations in tokamak plasmas from a reflectometer signal by means of Bayesian methods is investigated. Within the physical optics approximation, the interaction of the probing beam with the plasma is described as reflection from a surface with stochastic properties that is simulated numerically. A Bayesian technique is outlined to solve the inverse problem to determine the surface characteristics from the power spectrum of the reflectometer signal. It is shown that satisfactory estimates of the length and timescales and the amplitude of density fluctuations can be obtained in conditions relevant to core tokamak plasmas.
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Medicine by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos,Crete 72100,Greece,tel :00302841026182 & 00306932607174
Τετάρτη 14 Σεπτεμβρίου 2016
A first approach toward Bayesian estimation of turbulent plasma properties from reflectometry
Spatial and temporal changes of prehistoric human land use in the Wei valley, northern China
Agricultural land use has been established as the dominant prehistoric human activity in early cultural centers for thousands of years. However, because of lack of data, there is still considerable debate about the amount and spatial distribution of prehistoric land use across the world. Quantitative reconstruction of it on the basis of human activity records, for example, archaeological data, is the key to resolving the issue. Here, we focus on one of the most representative regions for prehistoric human activity in northern China, the Wei River valley. Based on archaeological and environmental data, a recently developed quantitative prehistoric land use model (PLUM) is applied to reconstruct spatial and temporal changes of land use between 8 and 4 ka BP. The results reveal that in line with increases in the total number of archaeological sites (from 24 to 3222) and population (from 4000 to 1,550,000), the land area of the valley used by humans increased from 0.2% to 12% during the study interval, expanding from the gentle slopes along the lower reaches of the river to the middle and upper reaches. Meanwhile, the average population for an individual site increased from 160 to 481, but the average land use area per site decreased from 12.84 to 4.68 km2. Since 6 ka BP, the significant land use increase occurred synchronously in the Wei River valley and other key regions of agricultural origin across the world, which highlights the important role of agriculture activity in transforming the nature of global land cover during the prehistoric period.
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Overview of the JET results
Since the installation of an ITER-like wall, the JET programme has focused on the consolidation of ITER design choices and the preparation for ITER operation, with a specific emphasis given to the bulk tungsten melt experiment, which has been crucial for the final decision on the material choice for the day-one tungsten divertor in ITER. Integrated scenarios have been progressed with the re-establishment of long-pulse, high-confinement H-modes by optimizing the magnetic configuration and the use of ICRH to avoid tungsten impurity accumulation. Stationary discharges with detached divertor conditions and small edge localized modes have been demonstrated by nitrogen seeding. The differences in confinement and pedestal behaviour before and after the ITER-like wall installation have been better characterized towards the development of high fusion yield scenarios in DT. Post-mortem analyses of the plasma-facing components have confirmed the previously reported low fuel retention obtained by gas balance and shown that the pattern of deposition within the divertor has changed significantly with respect to the JET carbon wall campaigns due to the absence of thermally activated chemical erosion of beryllium in contrast to carbon. Transport to remote areas is almost absent and two orders of magnitude less material is found in the divertor.
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Bilingual Education in Migrant Languages in Western Europe
This review focuses on bilingual education (BE) in migrant languages in Western Europe. In the Early Developments section, we will argue that educational arrangements targeting migrant languages initially arose from bottom-up initiatives for immigrant children. In the Major Contributions section, we will discuss the pioneering role of both the local and supranational levels in developing migrant language programs and policies in mainstream schooling and promoting multilingualism as civic ideology. Although these initiatives focused on mother tongue instruction (MTI), BE came forward as an alternative approach, reaching a peak in the late 1970s/early 1980s and resulting in a limited number of local experiments in transitional BE. However, national states in Western Europe have been reluctant to include migrant languages in their language-in-education policies. BE in migrant languages has nowhere been able to establish itself as a fully valued teaching model. Notwithstanding this, two-way immersion models offering migrant languages are currently successful in Germany – as is pointed out in the Work in Progress section. Although practical problems can partially explain the difficult introduction of bilingual approaches in education for immigrants, the principal obstacle is the monolingual ideology that underlies educational and social integration policies and practices across Europe. A return to assimilation has resulted in dwindling official support of MTI/BE in many Western European countries in the past decade (Problems and Difficulties). In the final section, we will outline some Future Directions, of which the challenge of linguistic superdiversity of school populations for received language-in-education approaches is most important.
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Commercial heads, social hearts? Organizational changes and effects of civil society organizations becoming more business-like: a literature review
A growing body of literature points at the increasing hybridization of civil society organizations (CSOs) by incorporating entrepreneurial practices, values and ideas, but also focuses on the presumed risks of non-profits becoming more 'business-like'. The central question to this debate is whether non-profit organizations are able to adopt for-profit practices and yet perform their social mission. Touching upon the larger issue of welfare governance, the hybridization of civil society organizations is a rather politicised issue drawing both public and academic criticism ranging from cautious warnings to wholehearted opposition. However, in this – often normative – discussion, the impact of becoming business-like on the organizational level tends to be overlooked. The distinction between non-profit and business-like concepts are only clearly distinguished in terms of goals, i.e. on the level of mission and strategy, in contrast to governance arrangements and management practices. Although much of the non-profit management literature aims to support non-profit managers, research on how 'becoming business-like' is practically implemented in the non-profit context as well as the perceived effects is fragmentary of nature and understudied. A more fine-grained analysis is further complicated by a multitude of overlapping yet distinct concepts. Based on a systematic study of the international literature, this paper addresses this lacuna by mapping the internal changes and effects as a result of a more 'business-like' manner of organization within non-profits over the last 25 years as well as by providing a clear conceptual outline. The focus is on the (re-)definition of civil society organizations' missions and strategies, on changing governance arrangements and shifting management practice.
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The 'age of commemoration' as a narrative construct: a critique of the discourse on the contemporary crisis of memory in France
Pierre Nora's account of the 'age of commemoration' has been extremely influential in shaping the way that memory is understood in France as well as in other countries. But what those who adopt Nora's historical account of the rise of memory often overlook, is that the story of the 'age of commemoration' is a narrative construct. This article argues that Nora's historical explanation of the rise of memory constitutes memory as an historical object, and explains it through emplotment. Nora has constructed a story of crisis in which individual memories stand as 'symptoms' of, and reactions to, the 'acceleration of history'. The significance of memory is supposed to lie in what it tells us about the times in which 'we' live. Memory is thus construed as a panicked reaction to historical changes, and the manifestation of an existential crisis in France. Nora's account of memory is widely referred to in academic as well as public discussions on the memories of minority groups in France. These memory movements are viewed in the historical context of the 'age of commemoration'. But this historicization functions to circumscribe their meaning: emplotted into the story of the 'age of commemoration' minority memories are rendered as symptoms of a macrocosmic malaise. The content of their discourse is thereby marginalized, ignored or deemed insignificant
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Language passports: Revealing the Contrast in Teacher Beliefs and Pupils’ Practices
The contrast between the rigid school policies and monolingual beliefs on the one hand and the linguistic reality of multilingual pupils became clear in a Flemish study in primary and secondary education. Focus-group-discussions with multilingual students from primary schools in Flanders reveal the covert prestige of their multilingual repertoires. The schools stipulate in their written policies that they expect a positive engagement towards the school language; yet this engagement is not mutual since it is not the case towards all the languages the students use. In addition, translanguaging (even at the students' free time) is perceived as a symptom of poor language proficiency and school agents interpret it as a sign that multilingual students do not adhere to the monolingual policy of the school. In the focus-group-discussions the students indicated they often switch between languages automatically and unwittingly. These translanguaging practices are part of their identity, but students express a concern that it will impede on their acquisition of the school language. In this presentation we focus on one specific case of a primary school in a Flemish city with more than 40% of the pupils speaking another language than Dutch at home. In this particular case, it is illustrated that language policies and practices are given form by many actors: the school leader, the team of teachers, and both their perceptions, the school composition of the pupils and the specific legal regulations. In this case the headmaster is a strong advocate of multilingualism, something that is rarely observed in the interviews we conducted with headmasters and teachers in Flanders. However partly covert, her beliefs seem to conflict with the more overt monolingual teacher practices. The conflict between the overt and covert policies in one specific case indicates how complex the processes needed for change really are. As the headmaster indicates during the interview, looking at the whole linguistic repertoire of pupils as an asset in their learning process seems to be a long way to go.
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Woordenboeken voor de jeugd. Recensie van Marja Verburg en Monique Huijgen (derde, herziene editie door Hans de Groot), Van Dale Juniorwoordenboek Nederlands. Utrecht/Antwerpen: Van Dale, 2016; Marja Verburg en Monique Huijgen (vierde, herziene editie door Hans de Groot), Van Dale Basiswoordenboek Nederlands. Utrecht/Antwerpen: Van Dale, 2016 en Wim Daniëls, Van Dale Junior spreekwoordenboek (tweede editie). Utrecht/Antwerpen: Van Dale, 2016.
Characterizing the performance of a single-screw expander in a small-scale organic Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery
This paper focuses on the experimental and numerical characterizations of a single-screw expander for waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycle (ORC) applications. A down-scaled industrial ORC test-rig has been tested with two different working fluids, R245fa and SES36. The hot source inlet temperature has been set to 125 °C and the maximum expander inlet pressure was limited to 1200 kPa. A total of 102 steady-state points have been collected by varying the expander pressure ratio between 3 and 9 with rotational speeds in the range from 2000 rpm to 3300 rpm. The experimental results allowed to assess the relationship between internal built-in volume ratio and imposed expansion ratio at different rotational speeds with respect to shaft and overall isentropic efficiency as well as volumetric performance in terms of filling factor. Results showed that while R245fa allowed approximately a 10% higher power output, the single-screw expander was performing at higher isentropic efficiency with SES36 due to higher pressure ratio achievable under the given working conditions and system limitations which also led to a better matching between ORC system and volumetric expander performance. A semi-empirical model has been developed and calibrated to break down the expander internal losses in the case of R245fa. The model has been exercised to investigate the effect of potential design improvements on the overall performance. The friction losses played a major role in the total loss count followed by suction pressure drops and leakages. As a consequence, the effect of lubrication should be further investigated to reduce leakages and friction. This study demonstrates the potential of single-screw technology as volumetric expander for ORC applications.
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The relationship between government and civil society: a neo-Gramscian framework for analysis
This paper presents a neo-Gramscian framework for the analysis of the relationship between government and civil society. We argue that the influence of 'post-traditional' theories of modernisation on 'networks' and 'network society' is crucial in understanding the concept of 'governance'. This influence has led to an exaggeration of the displacement of hierarchy by networks and of the novel nature of governance reforms. Additionally, it can be argued that the notion of 'governance networks' is part of a neoliberal hegemony and that the concept is thus more ideological than analytical. This critique on the neoliberal dimension of the governance concept was also forcefully argued by Jonathan S. Davies (2011a, 2011b, 2012, 2014b), who presented a Gramscian alternative for the analysis of government and governance. We will follow a less orthodox Gramscian path, but one that is nonetheless aimed at offering an alternative of the dominant network view on governance. We will present how the relationship between government and civil society can be seen as an interplay between coercion and hegemony. As part of the CSI Flanders research project we will then explore three dimensions of this relationship in closer detail: the ideological dimension, the institutional arrangements, and the street-level strategies. These three dimensions will be further operationalised in the following phases of the research project, especially in a large-scale survey of Flemish CSOs and representatives of governments, and selected in-depth studies of Flemish central and local governments.
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Reducing BCI calibration time with transfer learning: a shrinkage approach
Introduction: A brain-computer interface system (BCI) allows subjects to make use of neural control signals to drive a computer application. Therefor a BCI is generally equipped with a decoder to differentiate between types of responses recorded in the brain. For example, an application giving feedback to the user can benefit from recognizing the presence or absence of a so-called error potential (Errp), elicited in the brain of the user when this feedback is perceived as being 'wrong', a mistake of the system. Due to the high inter- and intra- subject variability in these response signals, calibration data needs to be recorded to train the decoder. This calibration session is exhausting and demotivating for the subject. Transfer Learning is a general name for techniques in which data from previous subjects is used as additional information to train a decoder for a new subject, thereby reducing the amount of subject specific data that needs to be recorded during calibration. In this work we apply transfer learning to an Errp detection task by applying single-target shrinkage to Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), a method originally proposed by Höhne et. al. to improve accuracy by compensating for inter-stimuli differences in an ERP-speller [1]. Material, Methods and Results: For our study we used the error potential dataset recorded by Perrin et al. in [2]. For 26 subjects each, 340 Errp/nonErrp responses were recorded with a #Errp to #nonErrp ratio of 0.41 to 0.94. 272 responses were available for training the decoder and the remaining 68 responses were left out for testing. For every subject separately we built three different decoders. First, a subject specific LDA decoder was built solely making use of the subject's own train data. Second, we added the train data of the other 25 subjects to train a global LDA decoder, naively ignoring the difference between subjects. Finally, the single-target-shrinkage method (STS) [1] is used to regularize the parameters of the subject specific decoder towards those of the global decoder. Making use of cross validation this method assigns an optimal weight to the subject specific data and data from previous subjects to be used for training. Figure 1 shows the performance of the three decoders on the test data in terms of AUC as a function of the amount of subject specific calibration data used. Discussion: The subject specific decoder in Figure 1 shows how sensitive the decoding performance is to the amount of calibration data provided. Using data from previously recorded subjects the amount of calibration data, and as such the calibration time, can be reduced as shown by the global decoder. A certain amount of quality is however sacrificed. Making an optimal compromise between the subject specific and global decoder, the single-target-shrinkage decoder allows the calibration time to be reduced by 20% without any change in decoder quality (confirmed by a paired sample t-test giving p=0.72). Significance: This work serves as a first proof of concept in the use of shrinkage LDA as a transfer learning method. More specific, the error potential decoder built with reduced calibration time boosts the opportunity for error correcting methods in BCI.
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Host-microbe interactions in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis
Introduction : More and more evidence is emerging that microbiota are involved in the development and severity of oral mucositis. It is known that the microbiome is changed during mucositis and that chemotherapy is often complicated with local and even systemic infections. But still little is known about the role of oral commensals in the onset, development, and duration of oral mucositis. Objectives : We want to explore the role of host-microbe interactions in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis by means of an in-house developed in vitro model. Methods : The model consists of a 24-well TranswellTM plate with removable inserts in which a reconstructed biofilm, derived from an oral swab or saliva of cancer patients or healthy donors, is co-cultured with epithelial monolayer cells in presence or absence of chemotherapeutics. A wound scratch assay is performed to evaluate the effect of microbiota on the healing of epithelial cells exposed to chemotherapeutics. Results : We show that oral microbiota have an overall negative impact on wound closure of oral epithelial cells, irrespective of the presence of chemotoxic agents. Quantification of the biofilm cell numbers showed that the effect of 5-FU varied according to the type of oral sample used and that there is interindividual variability. We further show shifts in the microbial community of the reconstructed biofilm after chemotherapy treatment. Discussion : Our in vitro mucositis model is able to identify functional and mechanistic changes in host-microbe interactions. This will help us to further characterise the pathobiology of mucositis and to develop new treatment strategies.
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Automatic diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy and its lateralization using EEG-based directed functional connectivity
Introduction: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of pharmaco-resistant epilepsy in adults. During pre-surgical evaluation, EEG is recorded to identify pathological activity such as interictal spikes that can help to identify the epileptogenic zone. However, sometimes no spikes are recorded in the scalp EEG. The characterization of brain network dysfunction in the absence of visible scalp epileptic activity could be very important to improve diagnostic accuracy and treat these patients. Here, we aimed to build a classification system that uses EEG-based directed functional connectivity patterns to assign a patient to one of three classes: left TLE (LTLE), right TLE (RTLE) or healthy control. Methods: Sixty subjects underwent a resting-state high-density EEG recording: 20 LTLE, 20 RTLE and 20 healthy controls. For each subject sixty 1-sec epochs free of artifacts or interictal spikes were selected. The cortical source activity was obtained for 82 regions of interest (ROIs) using an individual head model and distributed linear inverse solution. The whole-brain directed functional connectivity was estimated in the theta, alpha and beta frequency bands using Granger-causal modeling (weighted Partial Directed Coherence[1-3]) applied to the source signal of all ROIs. The summed outflow from each ROI was computed for each frequency band (total of 246 connectivity values per subject). Details of this analysis can be found in [4]. Here, we used logistic regression classifiers which take a linear combination of these connectivity values and compare it with a threshold in order to assign the subject to one of the three given classes. A leave-one-out procedure was used to compute the mean classification accuracy on subjects that are not used as example to build the classifier system. Due to the low amount of recorded subjects compared to the number of connectivity values, a subset was selected for classification purpose. We selected a maximum of six connectivity values making use of a greedy forward selection algorithm: gradually adding connectivity values to improve the classification accuracy. Finally, three classifiers were built: 'Control vs. LTLE', 'Control vs. RTLE' and 'LTLE vs. RTLE'. In the final classification system, a new subject is assigned to the class that was most voted for by these three individual classifiers. Subjects for which every class is voted once were classified as undefined. Results: The selected brain regions and corresponding frequency bands for the three classifiers are depicted in Figure 1. The 'Control vs. RTLE' classifier achieved an accuracy of 92.5% (sensitivity: 95.0%, specificity 90.0%), the 'Control vs. LTLE' classifier an accuracy of 87.5% (sensitivity 90.0%, specificity 85.0%) and the 'LTLE vs. RTLE' classifier an accuracy of 80.0% (sensitivity 85.0%, specificity 75.0%). Combining these individual classifiers in one system resulted in the confusion matrix shown in Figure 2. Conclusion: We had previously found significant differences in the summed outflow from regions included in the Default-Mode Network and also known to be important in TLE in patients vs healthy controls using these EEG periods without interictal spikes [4]. Here, the high accuracy achieved in classifying a subject as LTLE, RTLE or healthy control in periods of EEG without visible interictal pathological events further demonstrates the potential of resting-state EEG-based directed functional connectivity for the diagnosis and lateralization of TLE. This could thus constitute a new important clinical biomarker in surgical candidates or even earlier in the course of the disease, especially to lateralize the epilepsy.
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5-Fluorouracil and irinotecan (SN-38) do not modulate the gut microbiome composition and activity in the absence of a host sytem
Introduction : The Mucosal Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (M-SHIME) simulates the human gut environment with a focus on the microbial colonization in the colon, both in the luminal and mucosal environment. It can be used to study the effect of various compounds on the intestinal microbiota, without including a host system. Objectives : Our aim is to explore the direct effects of multiple doses of both 5-FU and SN-38 (active metabolite of irinotecan) on the complex gut community of the SHIME to monitor microbial changes after a 1-week exposure to the drugs. Methods : A continuous M-SHIME system was used to culture both luminal and mucosal bacteria and to expose them to multiple doses of physiologically relevant concentrations of 5-FU or SN-38. The effect of both drugs was tested on the fecal material of 5 healthy donors. The effect on the metabolic activity of the microbiota was assessed by short-chain fatty acid analysis. The effect on the microbial community was investigated using 16S r-RNA DGGE. Results : Short chain fatty acid profiles showed no differences after exposure to 5-FU or SN-38, compared to the control SHIMEs. Only minor changes were detected in microbial community composition after 5-FU or SN-38 exposure. Conclusions : No significant effects on the function or composition of the gut microbiota of the donors were observed after exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs. Since clinical studies have repeatedly shown that the composition of the gut microbiome changes after chemotherapy, our data suggest that signalling via the host is necessary to induce these changes.
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Deep Rtms for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Huntington's Disease: Case Report
Source:Brain Stimulation
Author(s): Molly Davis, Angela Phillips, Aron Tendler, Angela Oberdeck
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Deep Brain Stimulation of the Ventral Capsule/Ventral Striatum Reproducibly Improves Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Source:Brain Stimulation
Author(s): Juan Carlos Baldermann, Sina Kohl, Veerle Visser-Vandewalle, Martin Klehr, Daniel Huys, Jens Kuhn
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Tumour biology of obesity-related cancers: understanding the molecular concept for better diagnosis and treatment
Abstract
Obesity continues to be a major global problem. Various cancers are related to obesity and proper understanding of their aetiology, especially their molecular tumour biology is important for early diagnosis and better treatment. Genes play an important role in the development of obesity. Few genes such as leptin, leptin receptor encoded by the db (diabetes), pro-opiomelanocortin, AgRP and NPY and melanocortin-4 receptors and insulin-induced gene 2 were linked to obesity. MicroRNAs control gene expression via mRNA degradation and protein translation inhibition and influence cell differentiation, cell growth and cell death. Overexpression of miR-143 inhibits tumour growth by suppressing B cell lymphoma 2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 activities and KRAS oncogene. Cancers of the breast, uterus, renal, thyroid and liver are also related to obesity. Any disturbance in the production of sex hormones and insulin, leads to distortion in the balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The possible mechanism linking obesity to cancer involves alteration in the level of adipokines and sex hormones. These mediators act as biomarkers for cancer progression and act as targets for cancer therapy and prevention. Interestingly, many anti-cancerous drugs are also beneficial in treating obesity and vice versa. We also reviewed the possible link in the mechanism of few drugs which act both on cancer and obesity. The present review may be important for molecular biologists, oncologists and clinicians treating cancers and also pave the way for better therapeutic options.
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Global methylation profiling to identify epigenetic signature of gallbladder cancer and gallstone disease
Abstract
Promoter methylation in various tumor suppressor genes is reported to influence gallbladder carcinogenesis. Here, we aimed to identify methylation status in gallbladder cancer (GBC) by performing a comprehensive genome-wide DNA methylation profiling. The methylation status of 485,577 CpG sites were investigated using Illumina's Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip array in 24 tissues (eight each of tumor, adjacent non-tumor, and gallstone). About 33,443 differentially methylated sites (DMRs) were obtained in the whole human genome, of which 24,188 (72 %) were hypermethylated and 9255 (28 %) were hypomethylated. The data also revealed that majority of the DMRs are localized on the proximal promoter region [Transcription start sites (TSS200, TSS1500) and 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR)] and first exon. Exclusion of first exon detected a total of 10,123 (79 %) hypermethylated and 2703 (21 %) hypomethylated sites. Comparative analysis of the later with our differential proteomics data resulted in identification of 7 hypermethylated or down-regulated (e.g., FBN1, LPP, and SOD3) and 61 hypomethylated or up-regulated markers (e.g., HBE1, SNRPF, TPD52) for GBC. These genes could be further validated on the basis of their methylation/expression status in order to identify their utility to be used as biomarker/s for early diagnosis and management of GBC.
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Reply to “Breast Density Categories”
American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.
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Breast Density Categories
American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.
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Assignment Confidence in Localization of the Hand Motor Cortex: Comparison of Structural Imaging With Functional MRI
American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.
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Subchondroplasty: What the Radiologist Needs to Know
American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.
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Estimation of Split Renal Function With 99mTc-DMSA SPECT: Comparison Between 3D Volumetric Assessment and 2D Coronal Projection Imaging
American Journal of Roentgenology, Ahead of Print.
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MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOL-A DURING PREGNANCY INCREASES PANCREATIC Β-CELL GROWTH DURING EARLY LIFE IN MALE MICE OFFSPRING
Endocrinology, Early Release.
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Ghrelin octanoylation is completely stabilized in biological samples by alkyl fluorophosphonates
Endocrinology, Early Release.
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Strong-axis flexural buckling of cellular and castellated members
Cellular and castellated members are steel I-section members with circular or hexagonal web openings placed at regular intervals along the member's length. Compared with a member without web openings, these members have a more optimal material use in strong-axis bending. Other advantages are the savings in construction height possible by guiding service ducts through the web openings and aesthetics. However, compared with unperforated members, the resistance checks will be more complex and the fabrication cost will be higher. Depending on the boundary and loading conditions, flexural buckling about the strong axis could contribute to the failure of cellular or castellated columns or beam-columns. The corresponding critical buckling load of castellated and cellular columns is expected to be smaller than that of a similar I-section column without web openings, due to the decreased shear stiffness of the web. This is caused by the local bending and shear deformations around the openings. However, research covering this aspect is limited. In this paper, the elastic strong-axis flexural buckling behavior of castellated and cellular members will be investigated by means of a numerical parametric study. It will be shown that the existing formulations for the critical buckling load are still unsafe. Thus, a new expression for the critical buckling load will be proposed, based on an adaptation of the approach used for flexural buckling of battened columns.
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Two-phase heat transfer measurements of R254fa at high saturation temperatures in horizontal mini-channels
Heat transfer measurements for R254fa were conducted. The heat transfer coefficient was determined for a smooth stainless steel tube with an inner tube diameter of 3 mm. The experiments were conducted for five mass fluxes (100, 300, 500, 700 and 1000 kg/(m².s)), three heat fluxes (10, 30 and 50W/m²) and at three saturation temperatures (40°C, 70°C and 125°C). The experiments were used to determine the influence of the saturation temperature, mass flux, heat flux and vapour quality on the heat transfer coefficient. At a low saturation temperature, the heat transfer coefficient increases with an increasing mass flux. However, at a high saturation temperature the heat transfer coefficient decreases with an increasing mass flux. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing vapour quality at a low saturation temperature. On the contrary, the heat transfer coefficient decreases at higher saturation temperatures.
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Analysis of incentive contracts for sustainable ecosystem management in the buffer zone of Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador
Payments for environmental services (PES) schemes have been proposed to create positive incentives to landholders to safeguard certain ecosystems. In addition, PES are often considered as a tool to improve rural household income. The aim of this PhD research is to analyse the (potential) impacts and trade-offs of PES contracts for the maintenance and improvement of ecosystem services and the delivery of rural income to households in the buffer zone of Podocarpus National Park in Ecuador. Overall we see a trade-off between conserving and improving ecosystem service provision, and increasing household income in the PES schemes analysed. Within the research area, rural poverty seems best to be addressed by the implementation of projects that aim at increasing productivity. These could be linked with environmentally friendly practices to ensure a certain level of ecosystem service provision. PES could only have a positive impact if payments would be increased substantially for poorer households. However, PES can provide an additional and stable income source of income for forest holders. For non-forest holders PES for productive actions could also provide an additional source of income, and could strengthen the assurance that the new land use practices continue to be implemented for the duration of the contract. To improve their impact the broader institutional, economic and social environment should be considered. PES is only one tool available to governments and other actors interested in improving and sustaining ecosystem service provision. PES is influenced by a wide range of factors such as market prices for agricultural products and the national and local political situation. Within the research area, PES could be implemented as part of a policy mix and of different programmes to achieve the best outcome both in terms of ecosystem provision and rural development.
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