Impulsivity in cocaine-dependent individuals with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Background: Cocaine-dependent individuals (CDI) display increased impulsivity. Despite its multi- factorial nature however, most studies in CDI have treated impulsivity monolithically. Moreover, the impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has often not been taken into account. This study investigates whether CDI+ADHD differ from CDI without an ADHD diagnosis and healthy controls (HC) on several impulsivity measures. Methods : 34 CDI, 25 CDI+ADHD and 28 HC participated in this study. Trait impulsivity was assessed with the motor, attentional and non-planning subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Neurocognitive dimensions of impulsivity were examined with the stop signal task (SST), delay discounting task (DDT) and information sampling task (IST). Results : Relative to HC, both CDI and CDI+ADHD scored higher on all BIS-11 subscales, required more time to inhibit their responses (SST) and sampled less information before making a decision (IST). Greater discounting of delayed rewards (DDT) was only found among CDI+ADHD. Compared to CDI without ADHD, CDI+ADHD scored higher on the BIS-11 non-planning and total scale and showed higher discounting rates. Conclusion : CDI score higher on several indices of impulsivity relative to HC, regardless of whether they have concomitant ADHD. CDI+ADHD are specifically characterized by a lack of future orientation compared to CDI without ADHD.

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