Bone tissue engineering using polyetherketoneketone scaffolds combined with autologous mesenchymal stem cells in a sheep calvarial defect model

In craniofacial surgery, bone defects are preferably reconstructed with autogenous bone, such as iliac crest, fibula, scapula or rib grafts. Autogenous bone is still regarded as the gold standard in reconstruction. The major drawbacks of bone transplantation include donor side morbidity and increased operation time. Therefore, bone implants made of natural or artificial biomaterials could be a promising alternative (Kolk et al., 2012; Rubin and Yaremchuk, 1997; Terella et al., 2010). The choice of implant relies on several individual factors such as defect size, shape and volume, as well as patient-associated complications (Brydone et al., 2010).

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