Publication date: Available online 9 October 2017
Source:Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie
Author(s): D.-P. Germain
Les syndromes d'Ehlers-Danlos (SED) sont un groupe de maladies génétiques du tissu conjonctif caractérisées par une hyperélasticité cutanée, une hyperlaxité articulaire et une fragilité des tissus. Au-delà de ces caractéristiques communes, ils se distinguent les uns des autres par la présence ou l'absence de cicatrices cutanées, la variabilité des atteintes organiques et des variants génétiques différents. Il s'agit de maladies génétiques complexes, souvent invalidantes. La classification de Villefranche, établie en 1997, a défini 6 sous-types de SED mais de nombreuses autres formes rares ont été décrites depuis. À côté des classiques altérations de la synthèse du collagène sont à présent décrites des anomalies de la synthèse des glycosaminoglycanes ou de l'organisation de la matrice extracellulaire dues à des déficits enzymatiques et de nombreux SED rares ou apparentés sont de facto des maladies métaboliques. Il n'existe pas de traitement curatif des SED mais il importe de porter un diagnostic précoce pour une prise en charge symptomatique optimale des patients et une prévention des complications évitables. Une approche multidisciplinaire, dans un centre de référence, un centre de compétence, un service de dermatologie ou un service de génétique médicale, est souhaitable. Nous présentons un état actuel des connaissances sur ces pathologies que la génétique a permis de démembrer au fil des années.Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a heterogeneous group of inheritable connective tissue disorders characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility and cutaneous fragility with delayed wound healing. Over and above these common features, they differ in the presence or absence of various organ and tissue abnormalities, and differences in genetic causal mechanisms and degree of severity. They are complex and multisystem diseases, with the majority being highly disabling because of major joint problems and neurosensory deficiencies, and in some cases, they may be life-threatening due to associated complications, especially vascular disorders. In 1997, the Villefranche classification defined 6 subtypes of EDS. However, many other new variants have been described over the last years. The "historical" EDS were characterized by abnormalities in fibrillar collagen protein synthesis. More recently, disorders of synthesis and organization of the extracellular matrix have been shown to be responsible for other types of EDS. Thus, many EDS are in fact metabolic diseases related to enzymatic defects. While there is no curative treatment for any type of EDS, early diagnosis is of utmost importance in order to optimize the symptomatic management of patients and to prevent avoidable complications. Patients must be treated and monitored by multidisciplinary teams in highly specialized reference centers. In this article, we present the current state of knowledge on these diseases that continue to be elucidated thanks to new molecular genetic techniques.
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