Role of IL-35 in sublingual allergen immunotherapy

Purpose of review Sublingual allergen immunotherapy (SLIT), a disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis, can induce long-term clinical benefits which are mediated by immune responses that include generation of regulatory B (Breg) and T (Treg) cells. The newest member of the IL-12 superfamily, IL-35, is an anti-inflammatory cytokine known to be produced by Breg and Treg cells. Limited studies are available on the role of IL-35 on allergic rhinitis and during SLIT. This review summarizes recent findings relevant to the topic of IL-35 and their role in SLIT. Recent findings Recombinant IL-35 protein can induce the generation of IL-35-producing Breg and Treg cells with immunosuppressive capacity. Levels of IL-35 and IL-35-inducible Treg (iTR35) cells are dysregulated in allergic rhinitis patients, which can be restored with SLIT. Mechanism of IL-35-mediated tolerance to allergens includes suppressions of T cell proliferation, Th2 cytokine production, and B cell production of IgE antibodies. Summary Emerging evidence supports a potential role for IL-35 and iTR35 cells in tolerance maintenance during SLIT. A better understanding for the role of IL-35 and iTR35 cells could provide new avenues for the development of clinical biomarker to assess efficacy of allergen immunotherapy and novel therapeutic strategies for allergic rhinitis. Correspondence to Mohamed H. Shamji, PhD, Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 1st Floor, Room 111, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 0 7872850369; 44 0 20 75941673; e-mail: m.shamji@imperial.ac.uk Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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