Summary
Background
Wounds in the oral cavity, constantly exposed to both saliva and bacteria, heal quickly without infection. Furthermore, during licking of skin wounds, saliva promotes wound healing and plays a role in keeping the wound free of infection.
Objectives
To investigate whether saliva induced expression of antimicrobial peptides in human epidermal keratinocytes and whether saliva promoted clearance of intracellular bacteria in these cells.
Methods
Expression of antimicrobial peptides were investigated in the oral mucosa and ex vivo injured skin by immunohistochemistry. hBD-3 expression were investigated in epidermal keratinocytes after saliva stimulation with real time PCR and immunofluorescence.
Results
We found higher expression of antimicrobial peptides in the oral mucosa compared to the epidermis. Saliva accelerated the injury-induced expression of antimicrobial peptides in human skin ex vivo and was a potent inducer of the expression of antimicrobial peptides in epidermal keratinocytes. The expression of antimicrobial peptides was induced by metalloprotease-dependent EGFR transactivation mediated by a salivary lipid. Saliva increased the intracellular clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in keratinocytes through EGFR-activation.
Conclusions
These findings suggest a previously unreported role of saliva in innate immunity and demonstrate for the first time that saliva induces gene expression in epidermal keratinocytes.
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