A variety of thermal therapeutic methods have been investigated to treat bladder tumors but often cause bowel injury and bladder wall perforation due to high treatment dosage and limited clinical margins. The objective of the current study is to develop a dual-thermal modality to deeply coagulate the bladder tumors at low thermal dosage and to evaluate therapeutic outcomes with high contrast photoacoustic imaging (PAI). High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is combined with 532 nm laser light to enhance therapeutic depth during thermal treatments on artificial tumor-injected bladder tissue ex vivo. PAI is employed to identify the margins of the tumors pre- and post-treatments. The dual-thermal modality achieves 3- and 1.8-fold higher transient temperature changes and 2.2- and 1.5-fold deeper tissue denaturation than laser and HIFU, respectively. PAI vividly identifies the position of the injected tumor and entails approximately 7.9 times higher image contrast from the coagulated tumor as that from the untreated tumor. Spectroscopic analysis exhibits that both 740 nm and 760 nm attains the maximum photoacoustic amplitudes from the treated areas. The proposed PAI-guided dual-thermal treatments (laser and HIFU) treatments can be a feasible therapeutic modality to treat bladder tumors in a controlled and efficient manner.
This paper introduces the feasible application of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) for laser-integrated high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment on ex vivo bladder tissue injected with artificial tumor. Due to additive thermal effects at low power levels, the proposed thermal treatment coagulates the targeted tissue. PAI ostensibly identifies the locations of both the artificial and the coagulated tumors with high image contrast. The PAI-guided dual thermal treatments can be a feasible therapeutic modality to treat bladder tumors in an effective manner.
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