Publication date: Available online 17 July 2017
Source:Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie
Author(s): S. Rioualen, J. Dufau, C. Flatres, P. Lavenant, L. Misery, J.-M. Roué
IntroductionLe syndrome d'hypersensibilité médicamenteuse, ou drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), est une affection grave qui peut se compliquer d'un syndrome d'activation macrophagique (SAM) ; cette association est toutefois rarement décrite chez l'enfant.ObservationNous rapportons le cas d'un nourrisson âgé de cinq semaines hospitalisé pour un syndrome d'activation macrophagique manifesté par une fièvre prolongée, une splénomégalie, une bicytopénie, une hypofibrinogénémie, une hyperferritinémie et une élévation des récepteurs solubles de l'IL-2. La présence d'un exanthème cutané diffus, associé à une hyperéosinophilie majeure et une atteinte multiviscérale, a permis d'évoquer l'association avec un DRESS. Les premières manifestations cliniques étaient apparues 3 semaines après l'instauration d'un traitement par sulfadiazine, pyriméthamine et folinoral pour une toxoplasmose congénitale.DiscussionL'exposition à la sulfadiazine reste le principal facteur imputable au déclenchement du DRESS dans ce cas. Il s'agit probablement de l'événement princeps qui s'est secondairement compliqué du SAM, même si dans notre observation le diagnostic a été évoqué dans un deuxième temps. Le jeune âge de l'enfant était un facteur de risque supplémentaire.ConclusionLe clinicien doit être alerté de la possibilité d'une association DRESS-SAM d'apparition précoce, en lien avec un traitement instauré en période néonatale, dès la fin du premier mois de vie, pour éviter un retard de prise en charge préjudiciable au pronostic.BackgroundDrug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a severe disease that may be complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis but this is rarely described in children.Patients and methodsWe report the case of a 5-week old infant hospitalized in a pediatric intensive care unit for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with prolonged fever, splenomegaly, cytopenia, fibrinogen≤1.5g/L, ferritin≥500μg/L, and soluble IL-2 receptor≥2400U/mL. As a result of the presence of a diffuse skin rash, eosinophilia and multiple organ failure that started three weeks after the initiation of a congenital toxoplasmosis treatment, association with DRESS was suggested.DiscussionExposure to sulfadiazine remains the main factor leading to DRESS in this case. This is probably the trigger event, secondarily complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, although in our case the diagnosis was made subsequently. The unfortunately poor outcome of this association is probably exacerbated in fragile patients such as young infants.ConclusionClinicians should be aware of the possibility of DRESS of every early onset associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis linked to a treatment started during the neonatal period to avoid any delay in care that might adversely affect the prognosis.
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