Publication date: Available online 17 July 2017
Source:Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie
Author(s): B. Cribier
En moins de 10 ans, de multiples travaux ont été publiés, éclairant la rosacée d'un jour nouveau, dans tous les domaines de la maladie. Cette mise au point en résume les aspects essentiels, en partant de la bibliographie indexée sur Medline parue entre 2007 et 2017. Les données épidémiologiques récentes montrent que la prévalence de la maladie est sans doute supérieure à celle estimée jusqu'à présent (plus de 10 % des adultes dans certains pays) et qu'il ne faut pas négliger la rosacée survenant sur phototype V ou VI, la maladie existant dans tous les continents. Une nouvelle classification de la rosacée en phénotypes comprenant des signes majeurs et mineurs est proposée ; elle est plus rationnelle pour une prise en charge adaptée selon les symptômes, dont la sévérité peut être cotée en 5 classes. Les traitements dont l'efficacité est la mieux démontrée (étude Cochrane actualisée) sont le métronidazole, l'acide azélaïque et l'ivermectine en topiques, et la doxycycline per os ; l'isotrétinoïne est efficace dans les formes résistantes, mais reste hors Autorisation de mise sur le marché (AMM). Dans la rosacée oculaire, la doxycycline est le traitement de référence, en association avec des soins locaux des paupières. La physiopathologie est complexe : il existe des facteurs vasculaires (vasodilatation, facteurs de croissance vasculaires), neurovasculaires (hypersensibilité, douleur neuropathique, neuropeptides), infectieux (Demodex folliculorum et son microbiote) et inflammatoires (production anormale de peptides pro-inflammatoires de l'immunité innée). Il y a, en outre, une prédisposition génétique démontrée par le poids des antécédents familiaux et la comparaison de jumeaux homozygotes et hétérozygotes. De multiples gènes sont activés, impliqués notamment dans l'immunité, l'inflammation et le métabolisme des lipides ; la piste d'anomalies du film hydrolipidique est relancée. La rosacée a donc fait un grand bond en avant avec des progrès thérapeutiques et une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes en cause, qui devraient permettre d'envisager des traitements plus ciblés à l'avenir, sans oublier la prise en charge globale d'une maladie qui a un impact socio-affectif majeur sur la vie des patients.In the last 10 years, numerous studies have been published that throw new light on rosacea, in all areas of the disease. This overview summarises all the key developments, based on the indexed bibliography appearing in Medline between 2007 and 2017. Recent epidemiological data show that the prevalence of the disease is doubtless greater than estimated hitherto (more than 10% of adults in some countries) and that we should not overlook rosacea in subjects with skin phototypes V or VI, a condition that exists on all continents. A new classification of rosacea by phenotype comprising major and minor signs has been put forward; it provides a more rational approach to suitable management based upon symptoms, the severity of which may be graded into 5 classes. The treatments with the best-demonstrated efficacy (updated Cochrane study) are topical metronidazole, azelaic acid and ivermectin, and oral doxycycline; isotretinoin is effective against resistant forms but is off-label. In ocular rosacea, the reference treatment is doxycycline in combination with topical therapy of the eyelids. The physiopathology is complex and involves several factors: vascular (vasodilatation, vascular growth factors), neurovascular (hypersensitivity, neuropathic pain, neuropeptides), infectious (Demodex folliculorum and its microbiota) and inflammatory (abnormal production of pro-inflammatory peptides of the innate immune system). In addition, there is a genetic predisposition as demonstrated by the weight of familial history and comparison of homozygous and heterozygous twins. There is also activation of several genes involved in immunity, inflammation and lipid metabolism; the theory of hydrolipid film anomalies has been posited once more. There has thus been a tremendous leap forward in the field of rosacea research, with therapeutic progress and improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms, which should enable the future development of more targeted treatments as well as global management of this disease, which has major social and emotional consequences on the life of patients.
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