Sex and allergic diseases

Differences between women and men are pervasive in human biology, including the immune system.1 The direct effects of sex hormones have not been comprehensively evaluated; however, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells are known to express receptors for sex hormones.2 There is also evidence to suggest that estrogens act as enhancers of humoral responses, autoimmunity, mast cell reactivity, and delayed type IV allergic reactions, whereas androgens, progesterone, and glucocorticoids may have an immunosuppressive effect.

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