Bacteriophages (phages) are known to effectively kill extracellular multiplying bacteria. The present study demonstrated that phages penetrated bovine mammary epithelial cells and cleared intracellular Staphylococcus aureus, in a time-dependent manner. In particular, phage vB_SauM_JS25 reached the nucleus within the 3 h post-incubation. The phages had an endocytotic efficiency of 12%. This ability to kill intracellular host bacteria suggests the utility of phage-based therapies, and may protect from recurrent infection and treatment failure.
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